Staining method

Question 1

Uses aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions (e.g., methylene blue, eosin) to produce a color, directly staining the tissue

Answer 1

Direct Staining

Question 2

Uses a mordant or another agent to intensify the action of the dye used; the mordant serves as a link between the tissue and the dye

Answer 2

Indirect Staining

Question 3

Insoluble tissue complex is formed; use of potassium alum with hematoxylin in Erlich’s Hematoxylin or iron in Weigert’s Hematoxylin

Answer 3

Mordant

Question 4

Accentuators are not essential to the chemical reaction but hasten the staining process by increasing the staining power and selectivity of the dye; examples include potassium hydroxide in Löffler’s methylene blue and phenol in Carbol Thionin

Answer 4

Accentuators

Question 5

Tissue elements are stained in a definitive sequence until the desired color is attained, with no decolorizer applied; relies on the selective affinity of the dye for various cellular elements

Answer 5

Progressive Staining

Question 6

Excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue until the desired color is obtained; involves overstaining followed by decolorization of unwanted tissue

Answer 6

Regressive Staining

Question 7

Selective removal of excess stain using solutions (e.g., water, alcohol) or acids and oxidizing agents, allowing specific substances to stain distinctly from the surrounding tissue; examples include acid alcohol as a decolorizer or differentiator

Answer 7

Differentiation/Decolorizer

Question 8

Staining with a color that is different from that of the stain itself; typically used for cartilage, connective tissue, epithelial mucins, amyloid, and mast cell granules; involves cationic or basic dyes from thiazine and triphenylmethane groups

Answer 8

Metachromatic Staining

Question 9

Examples of dyes used in metachromatic staining, including Ethyl Violet, Bismarck Brown, Methylene Blue, Toluidine Blue, and Cresyl Blue

Answer 9

Metachromatic Staining Dyes

Question 10

The medium that preserves the metachromatic property of stains, as alcohol can cause the metachromatic stain to fade

Answer 10

Water

Question 11

Staining for contrast and background; stain with a color different from the primary stain

Answer 11

Counterstaining

Question 12

Common counterstains for cytoplasmic staining (red)

Answer 12

Eosin Y, Eosin B, Phloxin B

Question 13

Common counterstains for cytoplasmic staining (yellow

Answer 13

Picric Acid, Orange G, Rose Bengal

Question 14

Common counterstains for cytoplasmic staining (green

Answer 14

Light Green SF, Lissamine Green

Question 15

Common counterstains for nuclear staining (red)

Answer 15

Neutral Red, Safranin O, Carmine, Hematoxylin

Question 16

Common counterstains for nuclear staining (blue): Methylene Blue, Toluidine Blue, Celestine Blue

Question 17

Demonstration of tissue elements using metallic salts deposited on tissue surface; not absorbed by tissues; examples: Gold chloride, Silver nitrate

Answer 17

Metallic Impregnation

Question 18

Precautions for ammoniacal silver: Potentially explosive, avoid metallic instruments, do not throw in sink, avoid contact with ____ as it can cause explosion

Answer 18

Sodium Azide (preservative crystals)

Question 19

The selective staining of living cell constituents; demonstrates cytoplasmic structures; by engulfment of the dye particle; by staining of pre-existing cellular components; nucleus is resistant; staining of nucleus indicates cell death

Answer 19

Vital Stains

Question 20

Injecting dye into any part of the animal body; examples: lithium carmine, India ink

Answer 20

Intravital Staining

Question 21

Used immediately after removal of cells from the living body; examples: Neutral red, Janus green, Trypan blue, Nile blue, Thionine, Toluidine Blue

Answer 21

Supravital Staining

Question 22

Best vital dye

Answer 22

Neutral Red