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Histopathology > biopsy and autopsy > Flashcards

biopsy and autopsy Flashcards

1
Q

Weight range for liver

A

1,100 – 1,600g

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2
Q

Weight range for brain

A

1,150 – 1,450g

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3
Q

Weight range for right lung

A

300-400g

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4
Q

Weight range for left lung

A

250-350g

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5
Q

Weight range for heart

A

250-300g

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6
Q

Weight range for spleen

A

60-300g

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7
Q

Weight range for thyroid

A

10-50g

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8
Q

Weight range for adrenals

A

4g each

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9
Q

Excision and examination of tissue from a living subject, ideally at the periphery of the tumor

A

Biopsy

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10
Q

Desquamated cells examined for hormonal status or chromatin phenotype

A

Exfoliative cytology

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11
Q

Complete removal of a lesion; most reliable biopsy type

A

Excisional biopsy

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12
Q

Removal of a part of a lesion or small piece of a tumor by directly incising the capsule; preferred for large tumors that can’t be excised completely

A

Incisional biopsy

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13
Q

Aspiration of fluid for examination

A

Needle biopsy

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14
Q

Removal of small pieces of tumor using special forceps

A

Bite biopsy

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15
Q

Biopsy of skin fragments for analysis

A

Cutaneous biopsy

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16
Q

Biopsy type for specimens >2mm, embedded in a single paraffin block

A

Punch biopsy

17
Q

Biopsy involving curettage specimens

A

Shave biopsy

18
Q

Specimen is subdivided with a razor blade for detailed examination

A

Wedge biopsy

19
Q

Removal of a tumor by shelling out at the marginal area

A

Marginal excision

20
Q

Gold standard for confirming a medical disease and when is it performed

A

Autopsy: Performed where high-quality medicine is practiced, criminal law enforced, for accurate death certificates, and in research on diseases like cancer, heart disease, stroke.

21
Q

Requires consent and includes all organs, including the brain.

A

Complete autopsy

22
Q

Difference between partial and selective autopsy

A

Partial: Examines part of the anatomy. Selective: Focuses on a specific organ (e.g., heart for MI).

23
Q

Preliminaries for PME

A
  1. Written consent from next of kin. 2. Death certificate signed by physician/pathologist. 3. Medical data. 4. Medico-legal clearance for foul play.
24
Q

Other uses of a death certificate

A
  1. Burial/cremation. 2. Transport of body. 3. Medical insurance claims (affected by suicide, Acts of God, civil war).
25
Q

PME without consent circumstances

A

Ordered by police/coroner, to complete death certificate, prior consent from deceased, or military personnel during active duty.

26
Q

Jurisdiction of medico-legal examiner/coroner

A

Can authorize autopsy in cases like natural deaths, injury, violent deaths, unknown/suspicious causes, and deaths without medical attendance.

27
Q

Criteria for brain death

A
  1. Coma & cerebral unresponsiveness 2. Apnea 3. Absent cephalic (brainstem) reflexes 4. Electrocerebral silence (must be present for 30 mins at least 6 hrs after onset of coma & apnea)
28
Q

Legislative definition of death (1980)

A
  1. Irreversible cessation of circulation & respiratory functions 2. Irreversible cessation of all brain functions, including brainstem
29
Q

American academy of neurology death criteria

A
  1. Coma 2. Absence of motor response, pupillary response to light, corneal reflexes, caloric responses, gag reflexes, coughing, sucking & rooting reflexes
30
Q

Organs removed & dissected individually in the body. Most widely used method.

A

Technique of Virchow

31
Q

In-situ dissection combined with en bloc technique.

A

Technique of Rokitansky

32
Q

Dissection by cavity, interrelated organs, systemic dissection. Example: thoracic cavity (lungs, heart, diaphragm).

A

En bloc technique (Rokitansky)

33
Q

En bloc technique.

A

Technique of Ghon

34
Q

En masse technique.

A

Technique of Letulle

35
Q

All organs of thoracic, abdominal, & pelvic regions removed at the same time. Sweeping of all organs.

A

En masse technique (Letulle)

36
Q

Larynx → Rectum. Very popular, easy to do, convenient.

A

Autopsy sequence

37
Q

Organs should be retained completely or partially, set aside later. Body handled by the undertaker.

A

Consent for organ retention

Histopathology (30 decks)

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