Non gynecologic spx

Question 1

Preparation methods for fluid specimens

Answer 1

Three methods: smears (2 smears), cell block, cytospin; cytospin centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 1 minute; best for body fluids

Question 2

Universal fixative used for cell blocks; 10% solution

Answer 2

Neutral buffered formalin

Question 3

Other fixatives for cell blocks

Answer 3

Formalin/95% ethanol rinse, Nathan alcohol formalin substitute (less toxic), and methanol (automated Celient cell block technique)

Question 4

Method: Centrifuge fluid, obtain sediment, and add 10% formalin; disadvantage: sediment is easily washed out

Answer 4

Direct filtration

Question 5

Most popular method: Centrifuge to obtain sediment, add 1ml plasma and thrombin, forming a gel-like substance; place on filter paper and add 10% formalin; minimizes washing out but is expensive

Answer 5

Plasma thrombin method

Question 6

Water-soluble method; centrifuge to obtain sediment, add Carbowax, and place in paraffin block; advantage: no dehydration step; disadvantage: expensive

Answer 6

Carbowax method

Question 7

Express the aspirate contents onto a slide, allow to dry/clot, scrape material, wrap in tissue paper, and process as routine tissue

Answer 7

Clot and scrape method

Question 8

Fixative method that is fast, requires no additional equipment, low cost, and provides excellent results

Answer 8

BBC cell block fixative method

Question 9

Inexpensive method using formalin or alcohol vapor; disadvantages: time-insensitive, variable quality

Answer 9

Formalin or alcohol vapor method

Question 10

Inexpensive, easy, rapid; good for FNAs and fluids; disadvantages: variable cellular yield, limited data on IHC due to alcohol fixation

Answer 10

Cell block pellet alcoholic fixation

Question 11

Inexpensive, easy, rapid; good for FNAs and fluids; optimal for IHC and molecular studies; disadvantage: variable cellular yield

Answer 11

Cell block pellet formalin fixation

Question 12

Simple, low-cost method with clean background; suitable for FNAs and fluids; disadvantages: cross-contamination from plasma/thrombin, uneven cell concentration

Answer 12

Plasma thrombin method

Question 13

Good cellular yield, suitable for scant cellularity; disadvantages: time-consuming, toxic ether fumes for storage

Answer 13

Colloidin method

Question 14

Automated system; great for small scanty samples; crisp architecture; no cross-contamination; disadvantages: time-consuming (45 mins/cell block), expensive, histology training required, limited IHC data due to alcohol fixation

Answer 14

Celient automated system

Question 15

Concentrates cells for an adequate sample; disadvantage: tedious process as Histogel needs conversion to liquid state

Answer 15

Histogel method

Question 16

Specimens used to rule out malignancies or infections like Pneumocystis; includes bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial washings, bronchial brushings, and sputum

Answer 16

Specimens for respiratory infections and malignancies

Question 17

Deep cough collection, early morning; presence of alveolar macrophages indicates a satisfactory collection

Answer 17

Manner of collection for sputum

Question 18

Fixative used for sputum samples

Answer 18

Saccomano fluid

Question 19

Fixative used for bronchial brushing samples; spray fixative or 95% ethanol

Answer 19

Bronchial brushing fixative

Question 20

Specimen requiring 8 hours fasting, immediate laboratory delivery, no delay beyond 30 minutes; difficult to prepare

Answer 20

Gastric secretions

Question 21

Specimens for malignancy detection; jelly-like clots prevented by adding 300 units of heparin per 100 mL aspirate

Answer 21

Peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluids

Question 22

Abnormal discharges from the nipple except during lactation/post-lactation; may be due to ductal ectasia, papilloma, or endocrine problems; smear prepared with pull-up technique, fixed with spray fixative or 95% isopropanol

Answer 22

Nipple discharge specimens

Question 23

Voided urine for males, catheterized specimen for females; bladder or renal pelvis washings used to minimize contamination

Answer 23

Urinary tract specimens

Question 24

Specimens used for malignancies; includes CSF, ascitic fluid, pericardial fluids; must be submitted fresh without formalin or alcohol; anticoagulants like heparin may be used

Answer 24

Body cavity effusions

Question 25

Minimum volume required for CSF specimens

Answer 25

1 mL