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Histopathology > Stains > Flashcards

Stains Flashcards

1
Q

Derived from plants and animals; examples include Hematoxylin, Cochincal dyes, Orcein, Saffron (dried stigmata of Crocus sativus)

A

Natural Dyes

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2
Q

Hematoxylin is a natural dye obtained from the Mexican tree Hematoxylin campechianum, extracted with hot water and precipitated using urea

A

Hematoxylin

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3
Q

Hematoxylin is not a stain by itself; it requires a mordant (e.g., hematin/hematein) to be effective

A

Hematoxylin Staining

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4
Q

Natural ripening involves exposing hematoxylin to sunlight and air; takes 3-4 months; stains are Erlich’s and Delafield’s

A

Natural Ripening

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5
Q

Chemical oxidation involves oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, mercuric oxide, potassium permanganate, sodium perborate, sodium iodate; stains are Mayers, Harris (artificial ripening)

A

Artificial Ripening

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6
Q

Derived from plants and animals; examples include Hematoxylin, Cochincal dyes, Orcein, Saffron (dried stigmata of Crocus sativus)

A

Natural Dyes

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7
Q

Hematoxylin is a natural dye obtained from the Mexican tree ____ extracted with hot water and precipitated using urea

A

Hematoxylin campechianum

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8
Q

Hematoxylin is not a stain by itself; it requires a mordant to be effective; active coloring agent is

A

hematin/hematein

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9
Q

Natural ripening involves exposing hematoxylin to; takes 3-4 months; stains are Erlich’s and Delafield’s

A

sunlight and air

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10
Q

Chemical oxidation involves oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, mercuric oxide, potassium permanganate, sodium perborate, sodium iodate; stains are Mayers, Harris

A

Artificial Ripening

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11
Q

Extracted from Coccus cacti (female bug); Cochineal with alum gives Carmine dye; used as chromatin and nuclear stain for fresh and smear preparations

A

Cochineal Dyes

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12
Q

Cochineal with picric acid forms Picrocarmine, used as a neuropathologic stain

A

Picrocarmine

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13
Q

Cochineal aluminum chloride provides the best Carmine; used for demonstration of glycogen

A

Best Carmine

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14
Q

Vegetable dye extracted from lichens; used for staining elastic fibers (skin); colorless, treated with ammonia, exposed to air to produce blue/violet color; also used in litmus paper as a pH indicator

A

Orcein

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15
Q

Synthetic dyes, also known as coal tar dyes or aniline dyes, are derived from hydrocarbons such as benzene

A

Synthetic Dyes

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16
Q

Substances with definite atomic groupings that produce visible color but not permanent; simple benzene compounds containing chromophores are called

A

Chromogens

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17
Q

Substances added to a chromogen to alter its property, changing its shade, enabling it to form salts with another compound and retain color in tissue

A

Auxochrome

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18
Q

Synthetic dyes are composed of chromophore and auxochrome, which together impart permanent color to tissues

A

Synthetic Dyes Composition

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19
Q

Coloring substance found in the acid component; Basic cell structures have an affinity for acid dye ions and are called acidophilic; examples include picric acid, eosin

A

Acid Dyes

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20
Q

The coloring substance is found in the basic component that combines with the acid radical; Acidic structures have an affinity for basic dyes and are called basophilic; example: methylene blue

A

Basic Dyes

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21
Q

Formed by combining aqueous solutions of acid and basic dyes; stains cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously and differentially; examples include Wright’s and Giemsa

A

Romanowsky Dyes

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22
Q

Hematoxylin (pH 2.5-2.9) - Most commonly used for histologic studies; combined with mordants such as alum or iron to form the dye-mordant tissue complex; filter the stain prior to use to remove metallic sheen (especially in Harris Hematoxylin)

A

Hematoxylin Staining

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23
Q

Aluminum Hematoxylin: Routinely used in H and E staining with alum as the mordant; initially stains the nuclei reddish and forms blue lakes after the blueing step; blueing agent is pH 8 (2 minutes); examples: Scott’s tap water, ammonia H2O; for progressive and regressive staining

A

Aluminum Hematoxylin

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24
Q

Harris Hematoxylin: Routinely used in nuclear staining; ripened with mercuric oxide; used in cytology (e.g., Pap’s smear, staining of sex chromosomes); regressive staining method; addition of glacial acetic acid gives precise nuclear staining

A

Harris Hematoxylin

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25
Q

Erlich’s Hematoxylin: Excellent nuclear stain; stains mucins; recommended for bone and cartilage; not for frozen sections; added to slow oxidation and prolong shelf life; regressive staining method

A

Erlich’s Hematoxylin

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26
Q

Naturally ripened; similar longevity to Ehrlich’s hematoxylin

A

Delafield’s Hematoxylin

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27
Q

Chemically ripened with sodium iodate; primarily a regressive stain

A

Mayer’s Hematoxylin

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28
Q

Hematoxylin artificially ripened with alcoholic iodine

A

Cole’s Hematoxylin

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29
Q

Hematoxylin artificially ripened with potassium iodide; used for frozen sections

A

Carazzi’s Hematoxylin

30
Q

Hematoxylin used iron salts as both a mordant and a ripening/oxidizing agent; regressive staining

A

Iron Hematoxylin

31
Q

Hematoxylin used ferric ammonium chloride; demonstrates muscle fibers and connective tissue

A

Weigert’s Hematoxylin

32
Q

Hematoxylin used iron alum; used for nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions; cytological stains; results in gray-black

A

Heidenhain’s Hematoxylin

33
Q

Hematoxylin used for frozen sections

A

Loyez Hematoxylin

34
Q

Hematoxylin used for elastic fibers; stains black

A

Vethoeff Hematoxylin

35
Q

Mordant: 1% aqueous phosphotungstic acid; Oxidizer: Potassium Permanganate

A

Tungsten Hematoxylin

36
Q

Natural ripening achieved with light and air; progressive stain; used for CNS general tissue

A

Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin

37
Q

Used for the demonstration of granules in endocrine cells of the alimentary tract; argyrophil cells

A

Lead Hematoxylin

38
Q

Used for the study of spermatogenesis

A

Copper Hematoxylin

39
Q

Red acid dye (xanthene), pH 4-4.5, used as counterstain after hematoxylin and before methylene blue; stains connective tissues and cytoplasm

A

Eosin

40
Q

Yellow form, most commonly used, soluble in water, green-yellow in fluorescence

A

Eosin Y

41
Q

Soluble in alcohol, used for staining

A

Eosin B, Ethyl Eosin

42
Q

Demonstrates connective tissues, especially collagen fibers

A

Acid Fuchsin-Picric Acid (Van Gieson’s Stain)

43
Q

Basic acridine fluorochrome, discriminates dead and living cells, green fluorescence for DNA, red fluorescence for RNA

A

Acridine Orange (Masson Stain)

44
Q

Demonstrates calcium salt deposits and phosphatase activities

A

Acridine Red 38

45
Q

Water-soluble phthalocyanin dye; stains connective tissues, epithelial mucin, acid mucopolysaccharides

A

Alcian Blue

46
Q

Counterstains epithelial sections, cytoplasmic stain

A

Aniline Blue

47
Q

Plasma stain; used for staining acid-fast organisms, mitochondria, differentiation of smooth muscles with picric acid

A

Basic Fuchsin

48
Q

Used for staining hemoglobin

A

Benzidine

49
Q

Counterstain for Gram’s technique, acid-fast organisms, and Papanicolau method; stains diphtheria organisms

A

Bismarck Brown

50
Q

Chromatin stain for fresh materials in smear preparations; combined with aluminum chloride to stain glycogen

A

Carmine

51
Q

Routine stain for fixed sections; resistant to strong acid dyes, good nuclear stain

A

Celestine

52
Q

Best known as an indicator, stains elastic tissues, amyloid, myelin

A

Congo Red

53
Q

Nuclear or chromatin stain; stains amyloid in frozen sections, platelets in blood

A

Crystal Violet

54
Q

Stains blood for differentiating WBCs and blood parasites

A

Giemsa Stain

55
Q

Used in metallic impregnation, composed of gold chloride and mercuric chloride

A

Gold Sublimate

56
Q

Oldest stain, stains amyloid, cellulose, starch, carotene, glycogen; washes mercury mordant

A

Iodine

57
Q

Used as a reagent to alter crystal and methyl violet retained by certain bacteria and fungi

A

Gram’s Iodine

58
Q

Used to test for glycogen, amyloid, and corpora amylacea

A

Lugol’s Iodine

59
Q

Used for demonstrating mitochondria during supravital staining

A

Janus Green B

60
Q

Counterstain for Ascaris eggs, RBCs, spores; also used as a decolorizer and counterstain for AFS

A

Malachite Green

61
Q

Common basic nuclear stain used with eosin; stains plasma cells, cytological examination of sputum for malignant cells, evaluation and differentiation of bacteria, diagnosis of diphtheria, vital staining of nervous tissues

A

Methylene Blue

62
Q

Basic stain, demonstrates cell granules and vacuoles of phagocytic cells

A

Neutral Red

63
Q

Stains elastic fibers; recommended for dermatological studies; demonstrates the finest fibers in skin

A

Orcein

64
Q

Used to stain fat/lipids, appears black

A

Osmium Tetroxide

65
Q

Counterstain for acid fuchsin, connective tissues (in Van Gieson’s stain), cytoplasmic stain in contrast to basic dyes, counterstain for crystal violet

A

Picric Acid

66
Q

Colored salt of ferric ferrocyanide; used in the manufacture of paints; contrast stain, intravital staining of the circulatory system

A

Prussian Blue

67
Q

Used with osmic acid to fix and stain blood and glandular tissues

A

Rhodamine B

68
Q

Used for identification of spirochetes, reticulum, and fiber stains

A

Silver Nitrate

69
Q

Used as a nuclear stain in fixed tissues; stains Nissl granules or chromophilic bodies

A

Toluidine Blue

70
Q

Demonstrates neuroglia in frozen sections; support cells of nervous tissues

A

Victoria Blue

Histopathology (30 decks)

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