Somatic death Flashcards

1
Q

Primary changes during somatic death:

A

failure of circulatory, respiratory, and central nervous systems

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2
Q

Secondary changes after somatic death:

A

(ARLP DPA)
Algor mortis, Rigor mortis, Livor mortis, Postmortem clotting, Dessication, Putrefaction, Autolysis

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3
Q

Postmortem cooling at a rate of ~7°F/hour

A

Algor mortis

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4
Q

Stiffening of muscles postmortem, starts in the neck and head (2-3 hrs), persists for 3-4 days

A

Rigor mortis

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5
Q

Purplish discoloration of the body due to blood pooling; does not blanch after 10-12 hours

A

Livor mortis

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6
Q

Difference between postmortem lividity and ecchymosis: lividity disappears under pressure, ecchymosis does not

A

Postmortem lividity vs. Ecchymosis

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7
Q

Clot formed after death, RBCs settle from plasma, chicken fat present, assumes vessel shape, rubbery consistency

A

Postmortem clot

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8
Q

Clot formed before death, not detachable from vessels, no chicken fat, seldom assumes vessel shape, granular and friable

A

Antemortem clot

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9
Q

Drying and wrinkling of the anterior chamber of the eye postmortem

A

Dessication

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10
Q

Invasion of tissues by intestinal microorganisms postmortem

A

Putrefaction

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11
Q

Self-digestion of cells due to lysosomal enzyme release; lysosomes are known as the ‘suicide sac’ of the cell

A

Autolysis

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12
Q

Rotting or decomposition of the body by bacterial action

A

Putrefaction

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13
Q

Changes seen in putrefaction: Greenish-blue discoloration due to iron sulfide, muscle softening (autodigestion), corneal retraction, loss of rigor mortis, skin peeling, swelling of face

A

Putrefaction changes

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14
Q

Liberation of hydrolytic enzymes leading to self-digestion of cells, enhanced by putrefactive bacteria; no inflammatory response postmortem

A

Autolysis

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15
Q

Postmortem clot with settling and separation of RBCs from the fluid phase; appearance: Chicken fat (cleared area), Currant jelly (sediment of RBC); assumes blood vessel shape; rubbery consistency

A

Postmortem clot

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16
Q

Ante-mortem clot with tangled fibrin, irregular pattern; does not resemble blood vessels; consistency is granular, not rubbery

A

Ante-mortem clot

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17
Q

Drying and wrinkling of the cornea and anterior chamber postmortem

A

Dessication

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18
Q

1st to describe the 4 signs of inflammation

A

Cornelius Celsus

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19
Q

Redness due to increased blood flow to injury

A

Rubor (Redness)

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20
Q

Heat due to increased blood flow

A

Calor (Heat)

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21
Q

Swelling caused by capillary permeability and fluid extravasation

A

Tumor (Swelling)

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22
Q

Pain due to pressure on sensory nerves

A

Dolor (Pain)

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23
Q

Loss of function caused by destruction of functional units

A

Functio laesa (Loss of function)

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24
Q

Vascular and exudative response involving PMNs transitioning to microphages in tissues

A

Acute inflammation

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25
Intermediate stage between acute and chronic inflammation
Subchronic inflammation
26
Vascular and fibroblastic response involving monocytes transitioning to macrophages in tissues
Chronic inflammation
27
Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells without control or purpose, e.g., leukemia
Neoplasia/Tumor
28
Chronic inflammation characterized by granuloma formation; focal aggregation of activated macrophages transformed into epithelial-like cells with pink cytoplasm, surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells
Granulomatous inflammation
29
Examples include syphilis (gummas), TB, leprosy, schistosomiasis, and Bartonella henselae
Conditions with granulomas
30
Resolution of inflammation with no destruction of normal tissue, neutralization of the offending agent, and clearance of mediators and inflammatory cells
Simple resolution
31
Replacement of lost or necrotic tissue with new tissue that is structurally and functionally similar to those destroyed
Regeneration
32
Grading system for tumor differentiation and treatment approach based on the percentage of differentiated and undifferentiated cells
Broder's Classification
33
75-100% differentiated cells, 0-25% undifferentiated cells; Treatment: Surgery
Grade I
34
50-75% differentiated cells, 25-50% undifferentiated cells; Treatment: Surgery or Radiation
Grade II
35
25-50% differentiated cells, 50-75% undifferentiated cells; Treatment: Radiation
Grade III
36
0-25% differentiated cells, 75-100% undifferentiated cells; Treatment: Radiation
Grade IV
37
Active tumor cells; functional component of the tumor
Parenchyma
38
Connective tissue framework of the tumor; supportive component
Stroma
39
Based on capacity to produce death: Benign (e.g., mole) or Malignant
Types of tumor (1)
40
Based on histologic characteristics: Medullary (parenchyma > stroma) or Scirrhous (stroma > parenchyma)
Types of tumor (2)
41
Benign tumors are generally named with the suffix “-oma”
Benign tumor naming
42
Malignant tumors include mesenchymal/CT (“-sarcoma”), epithelial (“-carcinoma”), leukemia, and lymphoma
Malignant tumor naming
43
Benign tumor of squamous cells
Squamous cell papilloma
44
Malignant tumor of squamous cells
Squamous cell carcinoma
45
Malignant tumor of hepatocytes
Hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma
46
Malignant tumor of melanocytes
Melanoma/melanocarcinoma
47
Pregnancy occurring in the Fallopian tube
Ectopic pregnancy
48
Size, extent of spread to lymph nodes, +/- metastases; evaluated using TNM system
Staging
49
Staging system that includes tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastases (M)
UICC TNM classification
50
Combines grading (differentiation) and staging (spread)
AJCS Grading + Staging
51
Primary tumor; classified by size and local extent
T (TNM system)
52
Carcinoma in situ
Tis
53
Non-invasive tumor
Ta
54
Cannot be evaluated
Tx
55
No evidence of tumor
T0
56
Lesion <2 cm
T1
57
T1 subclassifications: <0.5 cm (T1a), <1 cm (T1b), <2 cm (T1c)
T1 subclasses
58
Lesion 2-5 cm with muscle invasion
T2
59
Tumor invading skin/chest wall, T3a = deep muscle, T3b = through organ
T3
60
Tumor invasion/fixation, T4a = adjacent organ, T4b = fixation (e.g., bladder, colonic wall, edema in breast)
T4
61
Regional lymph node involvement
N (TNM system)
62
Not evaluable lymph node involvement
Nx
63
No regional lymph nodes involved
N0
64
1 mobile regional lymph node involved
N1
65
Multiple mobile regional lymph nodes involved
N2
66
Fixed regional lymph node involved
N3
67
Beyond regional lymph node involvement
N4
68
Distant metastasis classification
M (TNM system)
69
No evidence of metastases
M0
70
Distant metastases are present
M1
71
Distant metastases not evaluable
Mx
72
Compound tumors; may contain hair, teeth, bones; 'monstrous tumors' (Greek)
Teratomas
73
Fibroblast-derived benign tumor
Fibroma
74
Chondroblast-derived benign tumor
Chondroma
75
Osteoblast-derived benign tumor
Osteoma
76
Lipoblast-derived benign tumor
Lipoma
77
Epithelial tumor with glandular pattern
Adenoma
78
Epithelial tumor with finger-like or warty projections
Papilloma
79
Epithelial tumor forming a large cystic mass
Cystadenoma
80
Malignant mesenchymal/connective tissue tumor
Sarcomas
81
Malignant fibrous tissue tumor
Fibrosarcoma
82
Malignant cartilage tissue tumor
Chondrosarcoma
83
Malignant bone tissue tumor
Osteosarcoma
84
Malignant blood-forming tissue tumors
Leukemias/Lymphomas
85
Malignant epithelial tumor
Carcinomas
86
Malignant glandular epithelial tumor
Adenocarcinoma
87
Malignant squamous epithelial tumor
Squamous cell carcinoma
88
Most reliable feature of malignancy, allowing cancer cells to enter vessels and cavities for spread
Metastasis
89
Metastasis through penetration of natural body cavities, often in the peritoneal cavity
Seeding within body cavities
90
Most common pathway of spread for carcinomas
Lymphatic spread
91
Most common pathway of spread for sarcomas
Hematogenous spread