Cell injury

Question 1

Cell damage caused when limits of adaptive response are exceeded or exposed to injurious agents/stress, may be reversible or irreversible

Answer 1

Cell injury

Question 2

Cell injury due to oxygen deprivation

Answer 2

Anoxia

Question 3

Time limits for irreversible hypoxic injury: neurons (3-5 mins), myocardial cells/hepatocytes (1-2 hrs), skeletal muscle (many hours)

Answer 3

Hypoxic injury time limits

Question 4

Microscopic changes like fatty or hyaline changes and pigment accumulation, may resolve with no permanent damage

Answer 4

Reversible cell injury

Question 5

Organs affected by fatty degeneration

Answer 5

Liver, heart

Question 6

Microscopic feature of homogenous, glassy, eosinophilic appearance in H&E staining, caused by protein accumulation

Answer 6

Hyaline changes

Question 7

Exogenous pigments such as carbon, silica, iron, plumbism, argyria

Answer 7

Accumulation of exogenous pigments

Question 8

Endogenous pigments like melanin, bilirubin, hemosiderin, and lipofuscin

Answer 8

Accumulation of endogenous pigments

Question 9

Lipofuscin, a yellowish fat-soluble pigment from membrane peroxidation, seen in elderly patients

Answer 9

Wear and tear pigment

Question 10

Irreversible cell death characterized by cloudy swelling, enzymatic digestion, and increased eosinophilia

Answer 10

Necrosis

Question 11

Shrinking of the nucleus during necrosis

Answer 11

Pyknosis

Question 12

Fading of nuclear chromatin during necrosis

Answer 12

Karyolysis

Question 13

Fragmentation of the nucleus during necrosis

Answer 13

Karyorrhexis

Question 14

Necrosis where dead cells maintain their outline, tissue is firm, common in ischemia (e.g., myocardial infarction)

Answer 14

Coagulative necrosis

Question 15

Complete destruction of cells due to autolysis or heterolysis, common in cerebral infarct

Answer 15

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 16

Necrosis with cheesy, white appearance, seen in TB, tularemia, LGV; microscopically amorphous eosinophilic

Answer 16

Caseous necrosis

Question 17

Focal fat destruction due to release of pancreatic lipases, appears chalky white, e.g., pancreatitis

Answer 17

Fat necrosis

Question 18

Necrosis secondary to ischemia with superimposed infection, often affecting distal limbs

Answer 18

Gangrenous necrosis

Question 19

Type of gangrene caused by arterial occlusion, seen in foot embolism

Answer 19

Dry gangrene

Question 20

Type of gangrene caused by venous occlusion and bacterial infection

Answer 20

Wet gangrene

Question 21

Programmed cell death that eliminates unwanted cells, with no inflammatory reaction

Answer 21

Apoptosis

Question 22

Features: chromatin condensation, fragmentation, cell shrinkage, cytoplasmic formation, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells

Answer 22

Morphologic features of apoptosis