W1_11 Vitamins

Question 1

what are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 1

A,D,E,K

Question 2

what are the 9 necessary water-soluble vitamins?

Answer 2

thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin, pyridoxine (B6), cyanocobalamin (B12), C, folate, pantothenic acid, biotin

Question 3

which vitamins are synthesized endogenously?

Answer 3

D, K, biotin, niacin

Question 4

how does liver contribute to vitamin d?

Answer 4

makes 25-OH vitamin D

Question 5

how does kidney contribute to vitamin d?

Answer 5

makes 1,25-OH vitamind D

Question 6

how does skin contribute to vitamin d?

Answer 6

7 dehydrocholesterol converted to vitamin d

Question 7

how does PTH affect the vitamin D axis?

Answer 7

upregulates 1,25-OH vitD to increase serum calcium

Question 8

what is rickets?

Answer 8

vitamin D deficiency in children, where there is excess unmineralized osteoid matrix

Question 9

what are clinical features of rickets?

Answer 9

bowing of legs, pidgeoning of chest, rachitic rosaries on costochondral joint, spine curves, and other bony deformities

Question 10

what is osteomalacia?

Answer 10

vitamin D deficiency in adults with derangement of bone remodelling. can lead to loss of skeletal mass (osteopenia)

Question 11

what is the function of thiamine?

Answer 11

synthesis of ATP. maintenance of neural membranes and normal nerve conduction

Question 12

what are common causes of thiamine deficiency?

Answer 12

lack in diet;
alcoholism;
vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia

Question 13

if a person shows up with sustpected thiamine deficiency, what should you NOT give them?

Answer 13

glucose therapy, or refeeding therapy

Question 14

clinical symptoms of thiamine deficiency?

Answer 14

dry beriberi (PNS);
wet beriberi (heart);
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome (CNS)

Question 15

what is dry beriberi?

Answer 15

myelin degeneration in peripheral nerves; usually affects legs first, then arms

Question 16

what is wet beriberi?

Answer 16

CV syndrome: peripheral vasodilatation, rapid AV shunting, high output cardiac failure, peripheral edema (long term)

Question 17

what is wernicke-korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 17

wernicke: opthalmoplegia, nystagmus, ataxia, confusion, listlessness, disorientation.
korsakoff: retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia, confabulation

Question 18

where does vitamin B12 come from?

Answer 18

animal protein, meat, eggs, etc.

Question 19

how is intrinsic factor needed for B12?

Answer 19

IF comes from parietal cells in the stomach and binds B12 in the duodenum. this complex is absorbed in the ileum. B12 then dissociates and binds to transcobalamin

Question 20

causes of b12 deficiency?

Answer 20

lack in diet, intrinsic factor deficiency (pernicious anemia, gastrectomy), malabsorption syndromes

Question 21

what are clinical findings of b12 deficiency?

Answer 21

megaloblastic anemia, subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord

Question 22

what can cause iron deficiency?

Answer 22

bleeding, malabsorption in gut, chronic hemoglobinuria, increased iron requirements

Question 23

what is hereditary hemochromatosis?

Answer 23

autosomal recessive trait that causes high musocal absorption

Question 24

what’s the treatment for hemochromatosis?

Answer 24

phlebotomy;

supportive treatment of damaged organs