W1_02 Sublethal Cellular Responses

Question 1

define hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia/neoplasia, abnormal accumulations

Answer 1

good.

Question 2

give an example of hormonal hyperplasia

Answer 2

e.g. breast tissue during puberty

Question 3

define compensatory hyperplasia

Answer 3

when the body feels like it’s missing something and needs to replace lost tissue. allows for our regeneration.

Question 4

give examples of important pathologic hyperplasias

Answer 4

endometrial, prostatic, ductal (breast), response to certain viruses (e.g. human papillomavirus)

Question 5

name the only example of physiologic metaplasia

Answer 5

squamous metaplasia of the uterine cervix.

all others are pathologic and arise from injury from an external source.

Question 6

which 2 cell types undergo metaplasia?

Answer 6

epithelial or mesenchymal. reprogramming of epithelial stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

Question 7

barrett’s esophagus is which kind of metaplasia?

Answer 7

columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus

Question 8

name types of altered cellular constituents

Answer 8

endogenous: abnormal proteins, lipofuscin

exogenous - pigments, minerals

Question 9

name important pathological examples of altered cellular constituents

Answer 9

steatosis of liver
gaucher’s disease (sphingolipids and glucosylceramides)
alzheimer’s disease (amyloid)
parkinson’s disease (lewy bodies, alpha synuclein, ubiquitin in the basal ganglia)

Question 10

describe how amyloid accumulates

Answer 10

it is misfolded, where fibrils go into beta-pleated sheets that are highly resistant to degradation and proteolysis

Question 11

what kind of amyloid causes alzheimer’s?

Answer 11

ABeta amyloid