W1_03 Hyperplasias and metaplasias Flashcards
define endometrial hyperplasia
increased proliferation of endometrial glands relative to the surrounding endometrial stroma;
caused by excessive, continued estrogen stimulation (DDx of these: PCOS, anovulation, estrogen-secreting tumours, obesity)
pathologic effects on the patient for endometrial hyperplasia?
abnormal uterine bleeding - anemia,
increased risk of endometrial cancer - simple, complex, atypical hyperplasia
3 principles of treatment for endometrial hyperplasia?
treat the underlying cause (obesity, tumour, menopause, etc);
progesterone therapy;
hysterectomy for atypical hyperplasia
what is cystoscopy?
putting a scope into the urethra and bladder to view any obstructions
what causes benign prostate hyperplasia?
hormonal changes (increased DHT production by prostatic stromal cells)
principles of treatment for BPH?
decrease fluid intake, medical therapy to inhibit 5a-reductase (less DHT), and surgical removal
what is a papanicolau smear?
a test that swabs the external os and the cervical canal to test for cancerous processes of the female reproductive system
who should get pap tests?
women above 21 years, sexually active, and pre-menopausal. they should be checked in 3-5 year intervals.
what is colposcopy?
a procedure to observe female reproductive system
principles of treatment and prevention for squamous metaplasia of the cervix?
routine screening w/pap test
identification and treatment of dysplasia
hpv vaccine
how to assess for heartburn symptoms?
do an oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD)
do a biopsy
define barrett’s esophagus
pathologic columnar metaplasia of the squamous epithelium
treatment principles for barrett’s esophagus?
treat GERD symptoms
screen for dysplasia
endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and/or esophagectomy/radiation
intestinal metaplasia of the stomach is from which cell type to which cell type?
columnar to columnar
how to test for h pylori?
biopsy, serology (will be positive always, after being infected once), urease breath test
