W1_08 Acute Inflammation Flashcards
what is transudate? what is exudate?
transudate is purely fluid leaking out. no inflammation.
exudate is most things leaking out due to vascular permeability (fluid protein, fluid cellularity). inflammation
name 4 methods of increased vascular permeability
endothelial retraction (e.g. NO or histamine) direct endothelial injury leukocyte-induced endothelial injury transcytosis
give an example of transudate and of exudate
CHF;
acute pneumonia
what is acute lymphangitis?
inflammation that’s spread along lymph nodes
what type of proteins mediate rolling?
selectins (E or P)
what induces selectin expression?
TNF and IL-1 (from tissue-resident macrophages)
what induces integrin expression?
chemokines
what type of proteins mediate leukocyte adherence?
integrins
what binds integrin?
ICAM (intercellular cell adhesion molecule)
what helps with diapedesis?
PECAM (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule)
name three chemokines for leukocytes
bacterial products,
leukotriene B4
complement 5a
what are the 2 pathways of phagocytosis?
lysosomal
free radicals
name 3 enzymes that create free radicals for phagocytic digestion
phagocyte oxidase (superoxide)
myeloperoxidase (hyperchlorite)
nitric oxide synthase (peroxynitrite)
what is chediak-higashi syndrome?
failure of fusion of a lysosome with phagesome, so enzymes accumulate in large, dialated lysosomes
what is chronic granulomatous disease?
failure of oxidative burst (lack of phagocyte oxidase), so there’s just a bunch of macrophages
what is myeloperoxidase deficiency?
defective halogenation; ineffective bacterial killing
comparison of neutrophils and macrophages
enzyme and phagocytic function.
name 2 interleukins that promote M2 macrophages
IL-13, IL-4
name 2 things that promote M1 macrophages
bacterial TLR-ligands
IFN-gamma
examples of preformed, vasoactive amines?
histamines;
bind IgE to mast cell, bind anaphylotoxins, bind IL-1 and IL-8;
cause endothelial contraction and vasodilation;
serotonin: rapid degranulation of platelets for aggregation and makes A/Ab complexes; endothelial contraction on serotonin receptors
name examples of de novo mediators of inflammation
arachidonic acid metabolites (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes);
nitric oxide via iNOS, eNOS;
cytokines like TNF, IL-1
what do eicosanoids/arachidonic acid metabolites do?
vasodilation, constriction, vascular permeability, chemotaxis and leukocyte adhesion
know the arachidonic acid pathway of inflammation
good.
what are the three pathways of complement activation?
classical (antibodies)
alternative (microbe surface markers);
mannose-lectin pathway
what do C3a and C5a eventually activate?
lipooxygenase (antiinflammatory); this digests arachidonic acid
what is hageman factor?
factor xii; activates thrombin, then fibrin and COX-2;
produced by the liver, and activated by inflammation
how does the kinin cascade work?
factor xii eventually activates prekallikrein, which converts HMWK to bradykinin
what’s bradykinin’s role?
1 mediator of pain and hyperalgesia
three morphologic patterns of acute inflammation?
serous;
fibrinous;
suppurative/purulent
