W1_08 Acute Inflammation

Question 1

what is transudate? what is exudate?

Answer 1

transudate is purely fluid leaking out. no inflammation.

exudate is most things leaking out due to vascular permeability (fluid protein, fluid cellularity). inflammation

Question 2

name 4 methods of increased vascular permeability

Answer 2

endothelial retraction (e.g. NO or histamine)
direct endothelial injury
leukocyte-induced endothelial injury
transcytosis

Question 3

give an example of transudate and of exudate

Answer 3

CHF;

acute pneumonia

Question 4

what is acute lymphangitis?

Answer 4

inflammation that’s spread along lymph nodes

Question 5

what type of proteins mediate rolling?

Answer 5

selectins (E or P)

Question 6

what induces selectin expression?

Answer 6

TNF and IL-1 (from tissue-resident macrophages)

Question 7

what induces integrin expression?

Answer 7

chemokines

Question 8

what type of proteins mediate leukocyte adherence?

Answer 8

integrins

Question 9

what binds integrin?

Answer 9

ICAM (intercellular cell adhesion molecule)

Question 10

what helps with diapedesis?

Answer 10

PECAM (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule)

Question 11

name three chemokines for leukocytes

Answer 11

bacterial products,
leukotriene B4
complement 5a

Question 12

what are the 2 pathways of phagocytosis?

Answer 12

lysosomal

free radicals

Question 13

name 3 enzymes that create free radicals for phagocytic digestion

Answer 13

phagocyte oxidase (superoxide)
myeloperoxidase (hyperchlorite)
nitric oxide synthase (peroxynitrite)

Question 14

what is chediak-higashi syndrome?

Answer 14

failure of fusion of a lysosome with phagesome, so enzymes accumulate in large, dialated lysosomes

Question 15

what is chronic granulomatous disease?

Answer 15

failure of oxidative burst (lack of phagocyte oxidase), so there’s just a bunch of macrophages

Question 16

what is myeloperoxidase deficiency?

Answer 16

defective halogenation; ineffective bacterial killing

Question 17

comparison of neutrophils and macrophages

Answer 17

enzyme and phagocytic function.

Question 18

name 2 interleukins that promote M2 macrophages

Answer 18

IL-13, IL-4

Question 19

name 2 things that promote M1 macrophages

Answer 19

bacterial TLR-ligands

IFN-gamma

Question 20

examples of preformed, vasoactive amines?

Answer 20

histamines;
bind IgE to mast cell, bind anaphylotoxins, bind IL-1 and IL-8;
cause endothelial contraction and vasodilation;
serotonin: rapid degranulation of platelets for aggregation and makes A/Ab complexes; endothelial contraction on serotonin receptors

Question 21

name examples of de novo mediators of inflammation

Answer 21

arachidonic acid metabolites (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes);
nitric oxide via iNOS, eNOS;
cytokines like TNF, IL-1

Question 22

what do eicosanoids/arachidonic acid metabolites do?

Answer 22

vasodilation, constriction, vascular permeability, chemotaxis and leukocyte adhesion

Question 23

know the arachidonic acid pathway of inflammation

Answer 23

good.

Question 24

what are the three pathways of complement activation?

Answer 24

classical (antibodies)
alternative (microbe surface markers);
mannose-lectin pathway

Question 25

what do C3a and C5a eventually activate?

Answer 25

lipooxygenase (antiinflammatory); this digests arachidonic acid

Question 26

what is hageman factor?

Answer 26

factor xii; activates thrombin, then fibrin and COX-2;

produced by the liver, and activated by inflammation

Question 27

how does the kinin cascade work?

Answer 27

factor xii eventually activates prekallikrein, which converts HMWK to bradykinin

Question 28

what’s bradykinin’s role?

Answer 28

1 mediator of pain and hyperalgesia

Question 29

three morphologic patterns of acute inflammation?

Answer 29

serous;
fibrinous;
suppurative/purulent