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Nutrition > Vits II > Flashcards

Vits II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the normal biological processes that generate ROS?

A

ETC

H2O2 production

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2
Q

What is the enzyme that converts Hydroxyl radicals to H2O2?

A

Superoxide dismutate

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3
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyses the reaction of hydrogen peroxide to water?

A

Catalase

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4
Q

What is the enzyme that converts glutathione and hydrogen peroxide to water?

A

Glutathione peroxidase

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5
Q

Is bilirubin an antioxidant?

A

Yes

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6
Q

alpha (or gamma) tocopherol is also known as what?

A

Vitamin E

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7
Q

beta and alpha carotene are lipid or water soluble?

A

Lipid

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8
Q

Lycopene is a lipid or water soluble antioxidant

A

Lipid

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9
Q

Lutein is a lipid or water soluble antioxidant?

A

Lipid

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10
Q

What are the three metals that are involved in superoxide dismutase reaction?

A

Cu
Zn
Mn

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11
Q

What is the metal involved in glutathione peroxidase?

A

Se

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12
Q

Urate is a lipid or water soluble antioxidant?

A

Water

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13
Q

Which can be supplemented in the diet: glutathione or lipoate?

A

Lipoate

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14
Q

What are the two vitamins in the glutathione/lipoate redox cycles? Which amino acid?

A

E and C

Cysteine

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15
Q

Why are the brain and lung particularly susceptible to ROS?

A

High oxygen exposure

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16
Q

True or false: vitamin E alone has been shown to reduce the incidence of CVD

A

False

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17
Q

True or false: some studies show that vit E and C supplementation can reduce the amount of plaques in vessels

A

True

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18
Q

True or false: the more colorful the vegetable, the more antioxidants it is likely to have

A

True

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19
Q

True or false: whole foods have not been shown to have increased antioxidant activity

A

False-there are studies, but MOA unknown

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20
Q

Higher serum levels of what antioxidants have been shown to lower the risk of developing macular degeneration

A

Lutein

Zeaxanthin

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21
Q

Higher serum levels of which 5 vitamins (and one metal) have been shown to lower the risk of developing macular degeneration?

A 
E
C
B6
B12
Folate
Zn
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22
Q

True or false: treatment of AMD with vit C, E, beta carotene, Zn and Cu has been shown to slow the progression of AMD

A

True

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23
Q

What are the factors that are needed to ensure sufficient fat soluble vitamin uptake?

A

Bile salts and carrier proteins

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24
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin does not have a TUL?

A

K

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25
Q

Vitamin A is involved in what important reaction in the eye?

A

Beta-carotene to retinol

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26
Q

Which vitamin metabolites are involved in growth and differentiation of epithelial, nervous, bone, and immune function?

A

A

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27
Q

Deficiency in vitamin A results in what?

A

Poor dark light adaptation
Xerosis
Xeroderma

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28
Q

What are the two general sources of vitamin A?

A

Dark green vegetables

Orange fruits and vegetables

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29
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A

Regulator of bone metabolism and Ca

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30
Q

Deficiency in vitamin D results in what (adults and children)?

A

Rickets in children

Osteomalacia in adult

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31
Q

What are the sources of vitamin D?

A

Fish
Fortified dairy
Eggs

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32
Q

What is the role of vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant

Gene expression

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33
Q

Deficiency in vitamin E results in what (infants, and children/adults?

A

Infants=anemia

Children/adults= neuropathy

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34
Q

What are the sources of vitamin E? (3)

A

Vegetable oils
Nuts
Green vegetables

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35
Q

What is the role of vitamin E? (3)

A

Blood coagulation (10, 7, 9, 2)

Antioxidant
Bone growth

36
Q

Deficiency in vitamin E results in what?

A

Hemorrhagic disease of newborns

Defective blood clotting

37
Q

What are the sources of vitamin K?

A

Gut flora

Dark vegetables

38
Q

What are vitamers?

A

structural isomers of vitamins

39
Q

How many vitamers of vit E are there? What does this depend on?

A

8

Where methyl group is placed

40
Q

Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant in cell membranes, particularly in which three tissues?

A

Brain
Lungs
RBCs

41
Q

High doses of which fat soluble vitamin can interfere with the other fat soluble vitamins’ functions?

A

E

42
Q

How do high doses of vitamin E affect vitamin A?

A

Lower rate of A depletion

43
Q

True or false: vitamin E deficiency is rare

A

True

44
Q

What is abetalipoproteinemia?

A

Genetic disease where fat Vit deficiency d/t a lack of apoprotein B

45
Q

What are the symptoms of high vitamin E?

A

Bleeding/petechiae

46
Q

Why can vitamin D be considered a hormone?

A

Can be synthesized from the body, but needs to be supplemented

47
Q

What is the role of vitamin D in immunity?

A

Macrophages make Vit D3, which activates immune cells

48
Q

UVB converts which molecule to vitamin D3?

A

7 dehydrocholesterol

49
Q

Cholecalciferol is what?

A

Vit D3

50
Q

What is ergocalciferol?

A

Vit D2

51
Q

Vitamin D2/3 in the liver is converted to what chemical? Where does this go?

A

Calcidiol

Goes to the kidneys

52
Q

Blood tests checking for vitamin D is looking for which molecule?

A

Calcidiol

53
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

A

Calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxy vit D)

54
Q

What is the inactive form of vitamin D? Why is this important?

A

Calcitroic

Pathway for excess vit D to be eliminated

55
Q

Above which latitude line is vit D supplementation necessary?

A

37 degrees

56
Q

What is the main hormone in the body that pulls Ca from bone?

A

PTH

57
Q

What are the homeostatic effects of PTH on Ca (3)?

A
  1. Pulls Ca from the bone 2. Increases Vit D formation in the kidneys
  2. Increases Ca absorption from gut
58
Q

What is the relationship between levels of Vit D and PTH secretion?

A

Inversely related

59
Q

What are the units used to measure Vit D concentrations (american + rest of world conversion)?

A

1 ng/ml (=2.5 nmol/L)

60
Q

What is the RUD for Vit D?

A

800 IU/d

61
Q

What is the range of normal values for Vit D?

A

22.5 - 130

62
Q

What is the optimal SERUM level of Vit D?

A

80 nmol/L

63
Q

Vit D is suspected to play a role in preventing which bacterial disease?

A

TB

64
Q

What is characteristic of vitamin D serum levels in patients with autoimmune diseases?

A

Low or have receptor polymorphisms

65
Q

Which is a more bioactive form of vit D?

A

D3

66
Q

What is the role of retinal?

A

Captures light in cones of eyes

67
Q

What are the two major forms of carotenoids?

A

Provitamin A

Beta/other carotene

68
Q

Which vitamin is used in the treatment of psoriasis/acne?

A

Vit A

69
Q

True or false: vit A deficiency is rare in the US

A

True

70
Q

What is xerophthalmia, and which vitamin deficiency causes this?

A

Dry eyes

A

71
Q

What are Bitot spots? Which vit deficiency causes this?

A

Build up of keratin on the conjunctiva d/t vit A deficiency

72
Q

What are the toxic effects of vit A?

A

Anorexia
Congenital malformations
Various CT effects

73
Q

What is hypercarotenosis? How concerning is this?

A

Build up of beta carotene, causing orange skin

Bening

74
Q

What is phylloquinone?

A

Plant vit K

75
Q

What is menaquinone?

A

Animal/bacterial vit K

76
Q

What is menadione?

A

synthetic form of vit K

77
Q

What is the role of vit K in cell function?

A

Helps in post translational modification of proteins

78
Q

What is the protein in bone that is affected by Vit K?

A

Gla protein

79
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin is produced by gut flora, and thus requiring infants to receive supplementation?

A

K

80
Q

True or false: both the natural and synthetic forms of vit K can reach toxic levels?

A

False–just the synthetic form

81
Q

What are the two enzymes that Warfarin inhibits?

A

Vitamin K epoxide reductase

Quinone reductase

82
Q

Vitamin C reacts with which radical to produce water?

A

OH radical

83
Q

Which vitamin reacts against PUFAs?

A

Vit E

84
Q

Glutathione and lipoate are kept reduced by which electron carrier molecule?

A

NADH/NADPH

85
Q

Ceroid pigment accumulation is a microscopic finding due to what?

A

oxidation of fats

86
Q

Lack of which vitamin can cause Neurological issues such as loss of vibratory sense and incoordination of limbs ?

A

Vit E

87
Q

What is the effect of PTH on the kidney?

A

Increases Vit D synthesis, for increased absorption from the gut

Nutrition (31 decks)

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