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Vits II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the normal biological processes that generate ROS?

A

ETC

H2O2 production

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2
Q

What is the enzyme that converts Hydroxyl radicals to H2O2?

A

Superoxide dismutate

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3
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyses the reaction of hydrogen peroxide to water?

A

Catalase

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4
Q

What is the enzyme that converts glutathione and hydrogen peroxide to water?

A

Glutathione peroxidase

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5
Q

Is bilirubin an antioxidant?

A

Yes

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6
Q

alpha (or gamma) tocopherol is also known as what?

A

Vitamin E

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7
Q

beta and alpha carotene are lipid or water soluble?

A

Lipid

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8
Q

Lycopene is a lipid or water soluble antioxidant

A

Lipid

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9
Q

Lutein is a lipid or water soluble antioxidant?

A

Lipid

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10
Q

What are the three metals that are involved in superoxide dismutase reaction?

A

Cu
Zn
Mn

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11
Q

What is the metal involved in glutathione peroxidase?

A

Se

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12
Q

Urate is a lipid or water soluble antioxidant?

A

Water

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13
Q

Which can be supplemented in the diet: glutathione or lipoate?

A

Lipoate

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14
Q

What are the two vitamins in the glutathione/lipoate redox cycles? Which amino acid?

A

E and C

Cysteine

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15
Q

Why are the brain and lung particularly susceptible to ROS?

A

High oxygen exposure

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16
Q

True or false: vitamin E alone has been shown to reduce the incidence of CVD

A

False

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17
Q

True or false: some studies show that vit E and C supplementation can reduce the amount of plaques in vessels

A

True

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18
Q

True or false: the more colorful the vegetable, the more antioxidants it is likely to have

A

True

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19
Q

True or false: whole foods have not been shown to have increased antioxidant activity

A

False-there are studies, but MOA unknown

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20
Q

Higher serum levels of what antioxidants have been shown to lower the risk of developing macular degeneration

A

Lutein

Zeaxanthin

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21
Q

Higher serum levels of which 5 vitamins (and one metal) have been shown to lower the risk of developing macular degeneration?

A 
E
C
B6
B12
Folate
Zn
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22
Q

True or false: treatment of AMD with vit C, E, beta carotene, Zn and Cu has been shown to slow the progression of AMD

A

True

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23
Q

What are the factors that are needed to ensure sufficient fat soluble vitamin uptake?

A

Bile salts and carrier proteins

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24
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin does not have a TUL?

A

K

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25
Vitamin A is involved in what important reaction in the eye?
Beta-carotene to retinol
26
Which vitamin metabolites are involved in growth and differentiation of epithelial, nervous, bone, and immune function?
A
27
Deficiency in vitamin A results in what?
Poor dark light adaptation Xerosis Xeroderma
28
What are the two general sources of vitamin A?
Dark green vegetables | Orange fruits and vegetables
29
What is the function of vitamin D?
Regulator of bone metabolism and Ca
30
Deficiency in vitamin D results in what (adults and children)?
Rickets in children | Osteomalacia in adult
31
What are the sources of vitamin D?
Fish Fortified dairy Eggs
32
What is the role of vitamin E?
Antioxidant | Gene expression
33
Deficiency in vitamin E results in what (infants, and children/adults?
Infants=anemia | Children/adults= neuropathy
34
What are the sources of vitamin E? (3)
Vegetable oils Nuts Green vegetables
35
What is the role of vitamin E? (3)
Blood coagulation (10, 7, 9, 2) Antioxidant Bone growth
36
Deficiency in vitamin E results in what?
Hemorrhagic disease of newborns Defective blood clotting
37
What are the sources of vitamin K?
Gut flora | Dark vegetables
38
What are vitamers?
structural isomers of vitamins
39
How many vitamers of vit E are there? What does this depend on?
8 | Where methyl group is placed
40
Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant in cell membranes, particularly in which three tissues?
Brain Lungs RBCs
41
High doses of which fat soluble vitamin can interfere with the other fat soluble vitamins' functions?
E
42
How do high doses of vitamin E affect vitamin A?
Lower rate of A depletion
43
True or false: vitamin E deficiency is rare
True
44
What is abetalipoproteinemia?
Genetic disease where fat Vit deficiency d/t a lack of apoprotein B
45
What are the symptoms of high vitamin E?
Bleeding/petechiae
46
Why can vitamin D be considered a hormone?
Can be synthesized from the body, but needs to be supplemented
47
What is the role of vitamin D in immunity?
Macrophages make Vit D3, which activates immune cells
48
UVB converts which molecule to vitamin D3?
7 dehydrocholesterol
49
Cholecalciferol is what?
Vit D3
50
What is ergocalciferol?
Vit D2
51
Vitamin D2/3 in the liver is converted to what chemical? Where does this go?
Calcidiol | Goes to the kidneys
52
Blood tests checking for vitamin D is looking for which molecule?
Calcidiol
53
What is the active form of vitamin D?
Calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxy vit D)
54
What is the inactive form of vitamin D? Why is this important?
Calcitroic Pathway for excess vit D to be eliminated
55
Above which latitude line is vit D supplementation necessary?
37 degrees
56
What is the main hormone in the body that pulls Ca from bone?
PTH
57
What are the homeostatic effects of PTH on Ca (3)?
1. Pulls Ca from the bone 2. Increases Vit D formation in the kidneys 3. Increases Ca absorption from gut
58
What is the relationship between levels of Vit D and PTH secretion?
Inversely related
59
What are the units used to measure Vit D concentrations (american + rest of world conversion)?
1 ng/ml (=2.5 nmol/L)
60
What is the RUD for Vit D?
800 IU/d
61
What is the range of normal values for Vit D?
22.5 - 130
62
What is the optimal SERUM level of Vit D?
80 nmol/L
63
Vit D is suspected to play a role in preventing which bacterial disease?
TB
64
What is characteristic of vitamin D serum levels in patients with autoimmune diseases?
Low or have receptor polymorphisms
65
Which is a more bioactive form of vit D?
D3
66
What is the role of retinal?
Captures light in cones of eyes
67
What are the two major forms of carotenoids?
Provitamin A | Beta/other carotene
68
Which vitamin is used in the treatment of psoriasis/acne?
Vit A
69
True or false: vit A deficiency is rare in the US
True
70
What is xerophthalmia, and which vitamin deficiency causes this?
Dry eyes | A
71
What are Bitot spots? Which vit deficiency causes this?
Build up of keratin on the conjunctiva d/t vit A deficiency
72
What are the toxic effects of vit A?
Anorexia Congenital malformations Various CT effects
73
What is hypercarotenosis? How concerning is this?
Build up of beta carotene, causing orange skin Bening
74
What is phylloquinone?
Plant vit K
75
What is menaquinone?
Animal/bacterial vit K
76
What is menadione?
synthetic form of vit K
77
What is the role of vit K in cell function?
Helps in post translational modification of proteins
78
What is the protein in bone that is affected by Vit K?
Gla protein
79
Which fat soluble vitamin is produced by gut flora, and thus requiring infants to receive supplementation?
K
80
True or false: both the natural and synthetic forms of vit K can reach toxic levels?
False--just the synthetic form
81
What are the two enzymes that Warfarin inhibits?
Vitamin K epoxide reductase Quinone reductase
82
Vitamin C reacts with which radical to produce water?
OH radical
83
Which vitamin reacts against PUFAs?
Vit E
84
Glutathione and lipoate are kept reduced by which electron carrier molecule?
NADH/NADPH
85
Ceroid pigment accumulation is a microscopic finding due to what?
oxidation of fats
86
Lack of which vitamin can cause Neurological issues such as loss of vibratory sense and incoordination of limbs ?
Vit E
87
What is the effect of PTH on the kidney?
Increases Vit D synthesis, for increased absorption from the gut

Nutrition (31 decks)

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