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Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important indicator of proper nutrition in children?

A

Growth

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2
Q

What is the timeframe for infancy, preschool years, middle childhood, and adolescence?

A

0-2
3-6
7-10
11-18

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3
Q

What is the timeframe for the first growth chart used for pediatrics?

A

0-36 months

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4
Q

What is the timeframe for the second growth chart used for pediatrics?

A

2-18 years

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5
Q

When is BMI used?

A

2+ years old

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6
Q

What are the four things assessed in the 0-36 month age range?

A

Weight/age
Length/age
Weight/age
Head circumference

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7
Q

What are the three things assessed in the 2- 18 year growth chart?

A

Weight/age
Height/age
BMI/age

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8
Q

How is BMI used in children as compared to adults?

A

BMI trends more important than the numerical value in children

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9
Q

Growth is highest at what age?

A

Infancy

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10
Q

what percent of weight gain comes from fat in months 1-4? months 24-36?

A

40%

3%

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11
Q

True or false: there is a 6% weight loss in the first 7-10 days of life

A

True

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12
Q

Children should (BLANK) their weight by 6 months, and (BLANK) their weight by 1 yr

A

Double

Triple

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13
Q

True or false: there is no difference in weight gain between breastfed and formula fed infants

A

False

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14
Q

What is the rough stomach capacity of newborns? Infants 3 days old? 10 days old?

A

5 ml
25 ml
70 ml

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15
Q

Fats are essential for what development of what in infancy?

A

CNS development

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16
Q

What percent of calories should come from fat for infants? Carbs?

A

50% = fat

50% carbs

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17
Q

Where should carbs come from in children?

A

Solid foods

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18
Q

Exclusively breastfed infants need supplement of what vitamin?

A

D

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19
Q

Why are infants given a vitamin K injection?

A

Since bacteria synthesize it

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20
Q

When should infants get an Fe supplement?

A

4-6 months

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21
Q

Fe deficiency in infancy can lead to what?

A

Developmental and behavioral issues

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22
Q

When should solids be introduced in a child’s diet?

A

6 months

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23
Q

Why is breast milk preferable to formula?

A

immune factors

Bioavailable

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24
Q

What are the 4 stages of human milk expression

A
  1. Colostrum
  2. Transition milk
  3. Mature milk
  4. Extended lactation
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25
When does transition milk occur?
1-2 weeks after birth
26
When does mature milk form?
2 weeks postpartum
27
What happens to Ig levels as milk matures? Nutrient levels?
Lower Ig, but higher nutrients
28
What are the three immunologic substances that colostrum has?
IgA Lactoferrin Lysozyme
29
Why does vitamin and mineral content of breast milk decline in mature milk?
Child is now receiving other sources of nutrition
30
There is generally (more/less) stools when infants are breast fed
More
31
How often do infants feed?
2-3 hours
32
How long do feedings last for infants?
10-20 minutes
33
Should you ever dilute infant formula?
No
34
Should you ever add cereal/other food to infant formula?
No
35
True or false: some infants can go days without stooling
True
36
Can Fe fortified formula can cause constipation?
Yes
37
When can a child be given juice?
When they can drink from a sippy cup
38
What are the three forms of infant formula?
Ready-to-feed Concentrate Powder
39
True or false: formula is fortified with vitamins and minerals to ensure it covers the entire population
True
40
how many calories/oz of are formulas?
20
41
When should soy formula be used? (2 diseases)
Galactosemia | Congenital lactase deficiency
42
True or false: soy formula has a lower protein content than other formulas?
False
43
Why do soy formulas have higher content of Ca, Phosphorus, Zn, and Fe?
Soy phytates and fiber interfere with absorption
44
When are protein hydrolysate formulas used?
When infant has an allergy to intact AA
45
When should a child be weaned from a bottle?
1 year
46
Cow's milk is not recommended until 1 year of age why? (2)
Renal solute load is too high | Not enough minerals
47
Weeks for a term infant?
37-42 weeks
48
Weeks for a preterm infant?
49
Weeks for post-term infant?
>42 weeks
50
Low birth weight is considered what weight?
51
Very low birth weight is considered what weight?
52
Extremely Low birth weight is considered what weight?
53
What is the formula for the correction factor corrected age?
Chronological age - (40 wks - birth GA)
54
Most nutrients are deposited when in gestation?
last 3 months
55
Why is it necessary to get premies fat?
Since much fat is lost with each lost Kg
56
When is enteral nutrition used in infants?
To avoid aspiration/necrotizing enterocolitis
57
When is parenteral nutrition used in infants?
VLBW and ELBW
58
What is the adiposity rebound?
Adolescence fat surge
59
What is the weight and height increases until 11 ish yo?
2-3 kg/year | 7 cm/year
60
How do you assess energy in children?
Based on growth and development
61
When is protein particularly needed in development?
Infancy and adolescence
62
Should you give a child a vitamin supplement?
no
63
True or false: head circumference is used to determine failure to thirve
True
64
What is primary FTT? Secondary?
Social or environmental deficits Disease states
65
True or false: you should never put a child on a "diet"
True
66
When is necrotizing enterocolitis a concern?
Premies
67
What is the treatment for NEC?
PN with increased proteins, kcals
68
What is a common GI issue with CF?
Fat soluble vitamin deficiency
69
What is the "at risk" sign of malabsorption for 0-2 years of age?
weight for length 10-20%
70
What is the "at risk" sign of malabsorption for 2-20 years of age?
BMI 10th-25th
71
What is the "at risk" sign of malabsorption for 20+ years of age?
BMI 19-20
72
What is the "nutritional failure" sign of malabsorption at 0-2 years of age?
Height
73
What is the "nutritional failure" sign of malabsorption at 2-20 years of age?
BMI
74
What is the "nutritional failure" sign of malabsorption at 20+ years of age?
BMI
75
What is the etiology of acute diarrhea? Chronic?
Diet related Chronic = diseases
76
What are the causes of inflammatory diarrhea?
infx celiac IBS
77
What is the RDI for fiber in children?
Age +5g
78
True or false: gastroesophageal reflux is common in infants, and is generally not concerning
True
79
When does gastroesophageal reflux usually resolve?
1 year
80
When is gastroesophageal reflux concerning?
Weight loss/slow of gain

Nutrition (31 decks)

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