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Nutrition > Pediatrics > Flashcards

Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important indicator of proper nutrition in children?

A

Growth

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2
Q

What is the timeframe for infancy, preschool years, middle childhood, and adolescence?

A

0-2
3-6
7-10
11-18

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3
Q

What is the timeframe for the first growth chart used for pediatrics?

A

0-36 months

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4
Q

What is the timeframe for the second growth chart used for pediatrics?

A

2-18 years

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5
Q

When is BMI used?

A

2+ years old

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6
Q

What are the four things assessed in the 0-36 month age range?

A

Weight/age
Length/age
Weight/age
Head circumference

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7
Q

What are the three things assessed in the 2- 18 year growth chart?

A

Weight/age
Height/age
BMI/age

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8
Q

How is BMI used in children as compared to adults?

A

BMI trends more important than the numerical value in children

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9
Q

Growth is highest at what age?

A

Infancy

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10
Q

what percent of weight gain comes from fat in months 1-4? months 24-36?

A

40%

3%

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11
Q

True or false: there is a 6% weight loss in the first 7-10 days of life

A

True

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12
Q

Children should (BLANK) their weight by 6 months, and (BLANK) their weight by 1 yr

A

Double

Triple

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13
Q

True or false: there is no difference in weight gain between breastfed and formula fed infants

A

False

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14
Q

What is the rough stomach capacity of newborns? Infants 3 days old? 10 days old?

A

5 ml
25 ml
70 ml

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15
Q

Fats are essential for what development of what in infancy?

A

CNS development

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16
Q

What percent of calories should come from fat for infants? Carbs?

A

50% = fat

50% carbs

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17
Q

Where should carbs come from in children?

A

Solid foods

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18
Q

Exclusively breastfed infants need supplement of what vitamin?

A

D

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19
Q

Why are infants given a vitamin K injection?

A

Since bacteria synthesize it

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20
Q

When should infants get an Fe supplement?

A

4-6 months

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21
Q

Fe deficiency in infancy can lead to what?

A

Developmental and behavioral issues

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22
Q

When should solids be introduced in a child’s diet?

A

6 months

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23
Q

Why is breast milk preferable to formula?

A

immune factors

Bioavailable

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24
Q

What are the 4 stages of human milk expression

A
  1. Colostrum
  2. Transition milk
  3. Mature milk
  4. Extended lactation
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25
Q

When does transition milk occur?

A

1-2 weeks after birth

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26
Q

When does mature milk form?

A

2 weeks postpartum

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27
Q

What happens to Ig levels as milk matures? Nutrient levels?

A

Lower Ig, but higher nutrients

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28
Q

What are the three immunologic substances that colostrum has?

A

IgA
Lactoferrin
Lysozyme

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29
Q

Why does vitamin and mineral content of breast milk decline in mature milk?

A

Child is now receiving other sources of nutrition

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30
Q

There is generally (more/less) stools when infants are breast fed

A

More

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31
Q

How often do infants feed?

A

2-3 hours

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32
Q

How long do feedings last for infants?

A

10-20 minutes

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33
Q

Should you ever dilute infant formula?

A

No

34
Q

Should you ever add cereal/other food to infant formula?

A

No

35
Q

True or false: some infants can go days without stooling

A

True

36
Q

Can Fe fortified formula can cause constipation?

A

Yes

37
Q

When can a child be given juice?

A

When they can drink from a sippy cup

38
Q

What are the three forms of infant formula?

A

Ready-to-feed
Concentrate
Powder

39
Q

True or false: formula is fortified with vitamins and minerals to ensure it covers the entire population

A

True

40
Q

how many calories/oz of are formulas?

A

20

41
Q

When should soy formula be used? (2 diseases)

A

Galactosemia

Congenital lactase deficiency

42
Q

True or false: soy formula has a lower protein content than other formulas?

A

False

43
Q

Why do soy formulas have higher content of Ca, Phosphorus, Zn, and Fe?

A

Soy phytates and fiber interfere with absorption

44
Q

When are protein hydrolysate formulas used?

A

When infant has an allergy to intact AA

45
Q

When should a child be weaned from a bottle?

A

1 year

46
Q

Cow’s milk is not recommended until 1 year of age why? (2)

A

Renal solute load is too high

Not enough minerals

47
Q

Weeks for a term infant?

A

37-42 weeks

48
Q

Weeks for a preterm infant?

A
49
Q

Weeks for post-term infant?

A

> 42 weeks

50
Q

Low birth weight is considered what weight?

A
51
Q

Very low birth weight is considered what weight?

A
52
Q

Extremely Low birth weight is considered what weight?

A
53
Q

What is the formula for the correction factor corrected age?

A

Chronological age - (40 wks - birth GA)

54
Q

Most nutrients are deposited when in gestation?

A

last 3 months

55
Q

Why is it necessary to get premies fat?

A

Since much fat is lost with each lost Kg

56
Q

When is enteral nutrition used in infants?

A

To avoid aspiration/necrotizing enterocolitis

57
Q

When is parenteral nutrition used in infants?

A

VLBW and ELBW

58
Q

What is the adiposity rebound?

A

Adolescence fat surge

59
Q

What is the weight and height increases until 11 ish yo?

A

2-3 kg/year

7 cm/year

60
Q

How do you assess energy in children?

A

Based on growth and development

61
Q

When is protein particularly needed in development?

A

Infancy and adolescence

62
Q

Should you give a child a vitamin supplement?

A

no

63
Q

True or false: head circumference is used to determine failure to thirve

A

True

64
Q

What is primary FTT? Secondary?

A

Social or environmental deficits

Disease states

65
Q

True or false: you should never put a child on a “diet”

A

True

66
Q

When is necrotizing enterocolitis a concern?

A

Premies

67
Q

What is the treatment for NEC?

A

PN with increased proteins, kcals

68
Q

What is a common GI issue with CF?

A

Fat soluble vitamin deficiency

69
Q

What is the “at risk” sign of malabsorption for 0-2 years of age?

A

weight for length 10-20%

70
Q

What is the “at risk” sign of malabsorption for 2-20 years of age?

A

BMI 10th-25th

71
Q

What is the “at risk” sign of malabsorption for 20+ years of age?

A

BMI 19-20

72
Q

What is the “nutritional failure” sign of malabsorption at 0-2 years of age?

A

Height

73
Q

What is the “nutritional failure” sign of malabsorption at 2-20 years of age?

A

BMI

74
Q

What is the “nutritional failure” sign of malabsorption at 20+ years of age?

A

BMI

75
Q

What is the etiology of acute diarrhea? Chronic?

A

Diet related

Chronic = diseases

76
Q

What are the causes of inflammatory diarrhea?

A

infx
celiac
IBS

77
Q

What is the RDI for fiber in children?

A

Age +5g

78
Q

True or false: gastroesophageal reflux is common in infants, and is generally not concerning

A

True

79
Q

When does gastroesophageal reflux usually resolve?

A

1 year

80
Q

When is gastroesophageal reflux concerning?

A

Weight loss/slow of gain

Nutrition (31 decks)

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