Energy and Balance Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: all cancers begin as a single cell that is proliferating erratically

A

True

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2
Q

What percent of cancers are genetically inherited?

A

5-10%

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3
Q

The majority of cancers involve what?

A

Alterations or damage accumulated over time

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4
Q

What are the six necessities for a cancer to grow?

A
Evasion of apoptosis
Unlimited replication
Sustained angiogenesis
Invasion and metastasis
Growth signal autonomy
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5
Q

True or false: epigenetics changes that are carcinogenic may be passed on to offspring

A

True

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6
Q

How does nutrition affect CA?

A

Compromising structure and function of cells through nutrient availability

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7
Q

True or false: obesity is now a greater killer than undernutrition

A

True

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8
Q

What percent of adult americans are obese?

A

35%

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9
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A
Abdominal obesity
HTN
DM
Dyslipidemia
Fatty liver
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10
Q

How does metabolic syndrome influence CA?

A

Metabolic disturbances

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11
Q

Nutrient excess can lead to what?

A

Production of reactive oxidative species

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12
Q

True or false: nutrient excess can impair ER function

A

True

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13
Q

Nutrient excess leads to increased accumulation of what

A

long chain fatty acyl coenzyme A molecules

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14
Q

True or false: insulin can be limited by inflammation

A

True

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15
Q

Insulin derived growth factor is responsible for what?

A

Deposition of fat into adipose tissue

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16
Q

True or false: Insulin is associated with poor prognosis of CA

A

true

17
Q

What is the MOA of insulin derived growth factor on CA?

A

Inhibits apoptosis and initiates cell cycle

18
Q

What is the role of VEGF in CA/obesity? What role does insulin play in VEGF production?

A

Adipocytes release it

Insulin increases production

19
Q

What is the role of estrogens in obesity caused CA?

A

Adipose tissue releases estrogen, which stimulates cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis

20
Q

Aromatase is used for what?

A

Converts adrenal androgens to estrogen

21
Q

What is the type of fat that is so bad for inflammation?

A

Visceral fat–surrounded by macrophages

22
Q

What does excess adipose tissue produce that predisposes people to CA?

A

ROS, inflammatory cytokines

23
Q

What are flavonoids?

A

Plant antioxidants

24
Q

Why are wild caught fish preferable to tank grown?

A

Wild have omega 3. Tank grown are fed corn, which has omega 6

25
Q

What is the one CA that is not associated with obesity?

A

Lung CA

26
Q

What is the largest medical disaster of the past 100 years?

A

Low fat/high carb diet

27
Q

What is the chemical composition of sucrose?

A

Glucose:fructose

28
Q

What is the single most effective intervention for preventing cancer in animal models?

A

Restrict energy intake

29
Q

What did the CALERIE trial demonstrate?

A

metabolic/endocrine changes observed in rodents and monkeys are also occurring in humans

30
Q

How does excess fat consumption lead to CA?

A

Increased ROS and increased estrogen/VEGF

31
Q

What has happened to the American diet that has caused the increase in obesity, CA etc

A

Increase carb intake, and increase in calories