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Intro and Carbs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four stages of epidemiological transition?

A
  1. Infectious disease
  2. Receding pandemics
  3. Degenerative disease
  4. Delayed degeneration
  5. Inactivity obesity/DM
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2
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Observe a group of individuals

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3
Q

What is a case-control studies?

A

Compare two groups, one control, the other experimental

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4
Q

What is an interventional study?

A

Assign to either control or intervention group, and see results

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5
Q

What is the selection bias?

A

Recruiting for respondents only gets a certain group

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6
Q

What is recall bias?

A

People not remembering

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7
Q

What is interviewer/observer bias?

A

Subjects or administeres know what they’re getting

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8
Q

What percent of carbs make up western diets? Primitive?

A 
Western = 55%
Primitive = 45%
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9
Q

Is a low fat diet helpful, according to the women’s health initiative?

A

Not really

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10
Q

What is the primordial level of prevention?

A

Prevent the penetration of risk factors into the population

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11
Q

What is primary level of protection?

A

Limit the incidence of disease by controlling causes/risk factors

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12
Q

What is the secondary level of protection?

A

Interrupt the disease before it becomes symptomatic

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13
Q

What is the tertiary level of prevention?

A

Limit the physical/social consequences of disease

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14
Q

What are the four basic fuels?

A

Carbs
Fats
Proteins
EtOH

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15
Q

Sucrose is a combination of which monosaccharides? Lactose? Maltose?

A

Sucrose = Glucose + fructose

Lactose = Gal +Glc

Maltose = glc+glc

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16
Q

1 gram of carbs is how many calories?

A

4

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17
Q

What are complex carbs? Simple?

A

Polysaccharides

simple = mono or disaccharides

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18
Q

What is the enzyme that degrades carbs in the mouth?

A

alpha-amylase

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19
Q

What is the enzyme that is in the pancreas that breaks down carbs?

A

Pancreatic alpha amylase

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20
Q

What is the rxn catalyzed by maltase?

A

Maltose to glucose

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21
Q

What is the rxn catalyzed by sucrose?

A

Sucrose to fructose

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22
Q

What is the rxn catalyzed by lactose?

A

Lactose to galactose

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23
Q

What is the transporter used for fructose?

A

GLUT5

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24
Q

What is the transported used for glucose?

A

SGLT1

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25
What is the transporter to move glucose into the blood?
GLUT2
26
What does it mean for a food to have a high glycemic index?
High and quick peak [glucose]
27
True or false; Not all CHOS lead to the same rise in blood pressure
True
28
What is the glycemic index reference molecule?
Glucose
29
Typically, the more processed a food is the (higher/lower) the glycemic index is.
Higher
30
Low intensity exercise utilizes primarily what energy stores?
Fatty acids
31
Hyper or hypometabolic when injured/ill?
Hyper
32
What is the cause of gestational DM?
Placental hormones lead to insulin insensitivity
33
What is stress hyperglycemia?
Elevated BG in response to stress or illness
34
HFCS is similar to what sugar?
Sucrose (50:50 fructose:glucose is sucrose)
35
True or false: the type of sweetener has changed, but the amount of fructose has not
True
36
True or false: fructose may impact hormones levels, satiety, and food cosumption
True
37
Higher intake of fructose increases or decreases LDL size?
Decreases LDL particle size
38
True or false: fructose can lead to increased low level inflammation
True
39
What is the physiological effect of insoluble fiber?
Increases water in GI tract, speeds colon emptying
40
What is the physiological effect of soluble fiber?
Slows gastric emptying helps lower LDL
41
What is the bran part of a whole grain?
Insoluble fiber rich outer layer that protects seeds and contains B vits
42
What is the endosperms part of whole grains?
Middle layer of the seed that contains carbs and proteins
43
What is the difference between fortifying and enriching?
Fortifying is adding nutrients that were never there
44
Soluble fiber is from what sources?
Oats, legumes fruits/veggies
45
What is the effect of fiber on DM?
Increases gastric time and may lead to smaller peaks
46
What is internal validity?
The extent to which a study's findings can be attributed only to the exposure under investigation
47
What is external validity?
Whether the findings can be generalized to the populations/setting from which the study sample is drawn
48
What is publication bias?
Systematic tendency to publish certain studies, and not others
49
What is lead-time bias?
Early detection d/t study involved leads to better outcomes.
50
What is regression bias?
inaccuracies or incompleteness of study participants recalling certain events/experiences
51
What is interviewer bias?
Interviewer consciously or subconsciously elicits inaccurately from study participants that supports preconceived notions
52
What is observer bias?
Prior knowledge of the exposure status by the assessor can influence conclusions
53
What are confounding variables?
A distortion of the association between an exposure and an outcome that is cause by a failure to account for the extraneous influence of one or more additional variables
54
What does the mediterranean diet consist of?
fats/proteins from fish/seafood
55
What is the glycemic index?
area under the -2hour post-prandial curve for blood glucose value, relative to a reference standard such as table sugar or white bread
56
What is the glycemic load?
The glycemic index of a food multiplied by the amount of carbohydrate per serving
57
What was the Women's Health initiative trying to show?
The effect of dietary change on the incidence of chronic disease
58
What happens to soluble fiber in the intestines?
Bacteria ferment in into fats
59
A food with a low glycemic index are usually more (quickly/slowly) digested, absorbed, and metabolized
Slowly
60
Why is no standard value of glycemic index utilized for diseases?
Many more variables such as age, weight, previous meals etc
61
During stress, insulin | resistance impairs glucose transport into tissues. Why?
Reserve for brain

Nutrition (31 decks)

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