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Nutrition > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What happens if the body lacks essential amino acids?

A

Body breaks down

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2
Q

What does it mean for a protein to be conditionally essential?

A

Demand exceeds what can be produced

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3
Q

True or false: functionally, all amino acids are essential

A

True

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4
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

A

PVT TIM HALL

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5
Q

Gastrointestinal peptides are considered what?

A

Hormones or chemical neurotransmitters

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6
Q

What are the two types of bonds that peptides can undergo?

A

Peptide bonds or disulfide

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7
Q

What are the 5 stages of peptide synthesis?

A
  1. Amino acid activation
  2. Initiation of polypeptide
  3. Elongation
  4. termination
  5. folding/processes
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8
Q

What is the cause of cystinuria? Which AAs are involved?

A

Defect in cystine transporter for COAL (cystine, ornithin, R, Y)

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9
Q

What is Hartnup disease?

A

Deficiency of transporter for W

causing MR and a rash

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10
Q

True or false: protein turnover only occurs with muscle breakdown

A

False-always happening to maintain AA pool

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11
Q

Which are degraded faster: hormones or structural proteins?

A

Hormonal proteins

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12
Q

True or false: under normal conditions, Nitrogen = nitrogen out

A

True

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13
Q

When do proteins begin to be digested?

A

Stomach acid and proteases denatures

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14
Q

The majority of proteins are broken down where?

A

Small intestine

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15
Q

What activates pepsinogen to pepsin?

A

HCl

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16
Q

Where does pepsin work?

A

Stomach

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17
Q

What activates trypsinogen?

A

Endopeptidases in the intestines

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18
Q

What activates chymotrypsin?

A

Trypsin in the intestines

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19
Q

What activated procarboxypeptidase?

A

Trypsin

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20
Q

What is the enzyme in infants that works ion proteins in the mouth?

A

Rennin

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21
Q

What are the 8 common food allergies?

A 
Milk
Egg
Shellfish
Fish
Tree nuts
Peanuts
Soybeans
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22
Q

What is the hypothesis for food allergies?

A

Intact proteins may be absorbed through leaky cell junctions in the small intestines

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23
Q

True or false: some AA are used in gluconeogenesis

A

True

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24
Q

What are the two AA that act as Nitrogen transporters?

A

Alanine and glutamine

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25
Q

What is the only AA that is completely oxidized in the muscle?

A

Leucine

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26
Q

Which AA rises in the blood during fasting?

A

Leucine

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27
Q

Leucine is used in the TCA how?

A

Converted to acetyl coA

28
Q

The kidneys preferentially produces which AAs? (3)

A

R
H
S

29
Q

The kidneys convert which two amino acids?

A

F to Y

G to S

30
Q

True or false: essential AA are actively transported in neurons preferentially

A

True

31
Q

What does the PDCAA score tell us?

A

a method of evaluating the protein quality based on both the amino acid requirements of humans and their ability to digest it

32
Q

Which vitamin can really only be found in meat?

A

B12

33
Q

What are the micronutrients needed for vegans? (6)

A 
Ca
B12
Fe
Zn
Vit D
Omega 3
34
Q

What are the relative rates of digestion for whey, meat, eggs?

A 
Whey = fast
Meat = intermediate
Eggs = slow
35
Q

Which has more protein digestibility: plant or meat protein?

A

Meat

36
Q

What are the methods to measure protein metabolism?

A

Arteriovenous measure of AAs

End products

37
Q

How do you measure protein turnover? (3)

A

Urea
Nonessential synthesis
Essential degradation

38
Q

What is the estimated need for optimum nitrogen balance?

A

0.8 g/kg/day

39
Q

What is the recommendation for nitrogen balance in the critically ill? Burns?

A

1.5g /kg / day

2g/kg for burns

40
Q

Too much protein can result in what conditions (3)?

A

Pre-renal azotemia
Renal stones
Osteoporosis

41
Q

Why is osteoporosis common in high protein diet?

A

Ca pulled out to balance negative charge of proteins

42
Q

What happens to acid/base balance with increased protein?

A

more acidic

43
Q

What is the effect of fruits/vegetables in acid/base balance?

A

Base producing

44
Q

What happens if low grade metabolic acidosis is prolonged in high protein diets?

A

Conserving citrate and increases excretion of ammonium

45
Q

True or false: metabolic acidosis from protein intake can lead to DM

A

true

46
Q

After what time does the body convert to FAs for gluconeogenesis, and ketone bodies produced?

A

2 days

47
Q

What is glutamine essential for?

A

Rapidly dividing cells

48
Q

What is R essential for?

A

Immunomodulation

49
Q

What is cystine essential for?

A

Anti-inflammatory properties

50
Q

The cost of malnutrition is highest in what pts?

A

CA pts

51
Q

Malnutrition comes from mostly which diseases?

A

Depression
COPD
CAD

52
Q

What score on the malnutrition screening tool indicates a risk for malnutrition

A

2

53
Q

True or false: decreased grip strength and fluid accumulation are indicative of malnutrition

A

True

54
Q

How do you assess macronutrient status?

A

Fat
Muscle
Fluid

55
Q

How do you assess micronutrient status?

A

Skin
Hair
Nails

56
Q

Where are fat stores looked for to assess for malnutrition?

A

Eyes
Triceps
Ribs

57
Q

What are the places to assess for fluid status in malnutrition?

A

Ankle edema
Sacral edema
Ascites

58
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A

Protein malnutrition with large abdominal

59
Q

What is marasmus?

A

Severe starvation

60
Q

True or false: not all peptides act via the endocrine pathway

A

True–autocrine, paracrine or endocrine are all possible routes

61
Q

Which amino acids are absorbed faster: essential or nonessential?

A

Essential

62
Q

Where does most protein digestion take place?

A

Duodenum

63
Q

What is the protein involved in oncotic pressure maintenance?

A

Albumin

64
Q

What are the proteins involved in clotting?

A

Fibrinogen, prothrombin

65
Q

What is the minimum daily intake for proteins?

A

35 g/kg/day

66
Q

What organ regulates the flow of amino acids?

A

Liver

67
Q

Wounds that do not heal are indicative of micronutrient, or macronutrient deficiencies?

A

Micro

Nutrition (31 decks)

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