Proteins

Question 1

What happens if the body lacks essential amino acids?

Answer 1

Body breaks down

Question 2

What does it mean for a protein to be conditionally essential?

Answer 2

Demand exceeds what can be produced

Question 3

True or false: functionally, all amino acids are essential

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

Answer 4

PVT TIM HALL

Question 5

Gastrointestinal peptides are considered what?

Answer 5

Hormones or chemical neurotransmitters

Question 6

What are the two types of bonds that peptides can undergo?

Answer 6

Peptide bonds or disulfide

Question 7

What are the 5 stages of peptide synthesis?

Answer 7

1. Amino acid activation
2. Initiation of polypeptide
3. Elongation
4. termination
5. folding/processes

Question 8

What is the cause of cystinuria? Which AAs are involved?

Answer 8

Defect in cystine transporter for COAL (cystine, ornithin, R, Y)

Question 9

What is Hartnup disease?

Answer 9

Deficiency of transporter for W

causing MR and a rash

Question 10

True or false: protein turnover only occurs with muscle breakdown

Answer 10

False-always happening to maintain AA pool

Question 11

Which are degraded faster: hormones or structural proteins?

Answer 11

Hormonal proteins

Question 12

True or false: under normal conditions, Nitrogen = nitrogen out

Answer 12

True

Question 13

When do proteins begin to be digested?

Answer 13

Stomach acid and proteases denatures

Question 14

The majority of proteins are broken down where?

Answer 14

Small intestine

Question 15

What activates pepsinogen to pepsin?

Answer 15

HCl

Question 16

Where does pepsin work?

Answer 16

Stomach

Question 17

What activates trypsinogen?

Answer 17

Endopeptidases in the intestines

Question 18

What activates chymotrypsin?

Answer 18

Trypsin in the intestines

Question 19

What activated procarboxypeptidase?

Answer 19

Trypsin

Question 20

What is the enzyme in infants that works ion proteins in the mouth?

Answer 20

Rennin

Question 21

What are the 8 common food allergies?

Answer 21

Milk
Egg
Shellfish
Fish
Tree nuts
Peanuts
Soybeans

Question 22

What is the hypothesis for food allergies?

Answer 22

Intact proteins may be absorbed through leaky cell junctions in the small intestines

Question 23

True or false: some AA are used in gluconeogenesis

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What are the two AA that act as Nitrogen transporters?

Answer 24

Alanine and glutamine

Question 25

What is the only AA that is completely oxidized in the muscle?

Answer 25

Leucine

Question 26

Which AA rises in the blood during fasting?

Answer 26

Leucine

Question 27

Leucine is used in the TCA how?

Answer 27

Converted to acetyl coA

Question 28

The kidneys preferentially produces which AAs? (3)

Answer 28

R H S

Question 29

The kidneys convert which two amino acids?

Answer 29

F to Y | G to S

Question 30

True or false: essential AA are actively transported in neurons preferentially

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What does the PDCAA score tell us?

Answer 31

a method of evaluating the protein quality based on both the amino acid requirements of humans and their ability to digest it

Question 32

Which vitamin can really only be found in meat?

Answer 32

B12

Question 33

What are the micronutrients needed for vegans? (6)

Answer 33

``` Ca B12 Fe Zn Vit D Omega 3 ```

Question 34

What are the relative rates of digestion for whey, meat, eggs?

Answer 34

``` Whey = fast Meat = intermediate Eggs = slow ```

Question 35

Which has more protein digestibility: plant or meat protein?

Answer 35

Meat

Question 36

What are the methods to measure protein metabolism?

Answer 36

Arteriovenous measure of AAs End products

Question 37

How do you measure protein turnover? (3)

Answer 37

Urea Nonessential synthesis Essential degradation

Question 38

What is the estimated need for optimum nitrogen balance?

Answer 38

0.8 g/kg/day

Question 39

What is the recommendation for nitrogen balance in the critically ill? Burns?

Answer 39

1.5g /kg / day 2g/kg for burns

Question 40

Too much protein can result in what conditions (3)?

Answer 40

Pre-renal azotemia Renal stones Osteoporosis

Question 41

Why is osteoporosis common in high protein diet?

Answer 41

Ca pulled out to balance negative charge of proteins

Question 42

What happens to acid/base balance with increased protein?

Answer 42

more acidic

Question 43

What is the effect of fruits/vegetables in acid/base balance?

Answer 43

Base producing

Question 44

What happens if low grade metabolic acidosis is prolonged in high protein diets?

Answer 44

Conserving citrate and increases excretion of ammonium

Question 45

True or false: metabolic acidosis from protein intake can lead to DM

Answer 45

true

Question 46

After what time does the body convert to FAs for gluconeogenesis, and ketone bodies produced?

Answer 46

2 days

Question 47

What is glutamine essential for?

Answer 47

Rapidly dividing cells

Question 48

What is R essential for?

Answer 48

Immunomodulation

Question 49

What is cystine essential for?

Answer 49

Anti-inflammatory properties

Question 50

The cost of malnutrition is highest in what pts?

Answer 50

CA pts

Question 51

Malnutrition comes from mostly which diseases?

Answer 51

Depression COPD CAD

Question 52

What score on the malnutrition screening tool indicates a risk for malnutrition

Answer 52

2

Question 53

True or false: decreased grip strength and fluid accumulation are indicative of malnutrition

Answer 53

True

Question 54

How do you assess macronutrient status?

Answer 54

Fat Muscle Fluid

Question 55

How do you assess micronutrient status?

Answer 55

Skin Hair Nails

Question 56

Where are fat stores looked for to assess for malnutrition?

Answer 56

Eyes Triceps Ribs

Question 57

What are the places to assess for fluid status in malnutrition?

Answer 57

Ankle edema Sacral edema Ascites

Question 58

What is kwashiorkor?

Answer 58

Protein malnutrition with large abdominal

Question 59

What is marasmus?

Answer 59

Severe starvation

Question 60

True or false: not all peptides act via the endocrine pathway

Answer 60

True--autocrine, paracrine or endocrine are all possible routes

Question 61

Which amino acids are absorbed faster: essential or nonessential?

Answer 61

Essential

Question 62

Where does most protein digestion take place?

Answer 62

Duodenum

Question 63

What is the protein involved in oncotic pressure maintenance?

Answer 63

Albumin

Question 64

What are the proteins involved in clotting?

Answer 64

Fibrinogen, prothrombin

Question 65

What is the minimum daily intake for proteins?

Answer 65

35 g/kg/day

Question 66

What organ regulates the flow of amino acids?

Answer 66

Liver

Question 67

Wounds that do not heal are indicative of micronutrient, or macronutrient deficiencies?

Answer 67

Micro