Minerals II Flashcards
1
Q
What is the role of chromium?
A
Blood glucose and insulin
2
Q
What is the role of Cu?
A
Utilization of iron stores, lipids, collagen, neurotransmitter synthesis
3
Q
What is the role of fluoride?
A
Thyroid hormone synthesis
4
Q
What is the role of iodine?
A
Thyroid hormone synthesis
5
Q
What is the role of Fe?
A
Component of Hb
6
Q
Deficiency in chromium results in what?
A
Glucose intolerance
Glu and lipid metabolism abnormalities
7
Q
Deficiency in copper results in what?
A
Anemia
Neutropenia
Bone abnormalities
8
Q
Deficiency in fluoride results in what?
A
Dental caries
Bone problems
9
Q
Deficiency in Iodine results in what?
A
Thyroid enlargement
Cretinism
Increased lipids
10
Q
Deficiency in Fe results in what?
A
Anemia
Palpitations
Dysphagia
11
Q
What are the sources of chromium?
A
Fruits
Veggies
12
Q
What are the sources of Cu?
A
Meat/fish
grains
13
Q
What are the sources of Fluoride?
A
Meat
Grains
14
Q
What are the sources of Iodine?
A
Iodized salt
Seafood
15
Q
What are the sources of Fe?
A
Meat
Veggies
16
Q
What is the role of Mn?
A
Brain function
Collagen
Urea synthesis
17
Q
What is the role of Mb?
A
Metabolism of purines/pyrimidines
18
Q
What is the role of Se?
A
Protects cells against destruction by hydrogen peroxide free radicals
19
Q
What is the role of Zn?
A
Energy metabolism, protein synthesis
Collagen synthesis
20
Q
Deficiency of Mn results in what?
A
Impaired growth
Skeletal abnormalities
Impaired CNS
21
Q
Deficiency of Mb results in what?
A
Hypermethioninemia
Sulfite excretion
22
Q
Deficiency of Se results in what?
A
Myalgia
Cardiac myopathy
Cell fragility
23
Q
Deficiency of Zn results in what?
A
Poor wound healing
Changes in hair skin, nails
24
Q
What are the sources of Mn?
A
Wheat
fruit
meat
25
What are the sources of Mb?
Soybeans
| lentils
26
What are the sources of Se?
Grains
| Meat
27
What are the sources of Zn?
Wheat
| Meat
28
True or false: Fe is required by almost every cell
True
29
What is the point of regulation for Fe?
Absorption
30
What are the non-heme enhancers of Fe?
Acids
| Sugars
31
What type of Fe is only found in animal sources?
Heme
32
What is the enzymatic function of Fe?
Mono-oxygenases
| Dioxygenases
33
What is the interaction of Fe with ascorbic acid?
Enhances non-heme Fe absorption
34
What is the interaction of Fe with Cu?
Fe dependent on Cu to be mobilized
35
What is the interaction of Zn with Fe?
Fe decreases Zn absorption
36
What is the interaction of Vit A with Fe?
Reduced vit A alters tissue distribution
37
What is the interaction of Pb with Fe?
Inhibits activity of heme synthesis
38
What is the interaction between Fe and Se?
Fe deficiency associated with decreased [selenium]
39
What is the most common dietary deficiency?
Fe
40
True or false: pica is a symptom of anemia
True
41
Why are infants susceptible to Fe deficiency anemia?
Fe content low in milk
42
Why are pregnant women susceptible to Fe deficiency anemia?
Baby takes all Fe
43
True or false: Fe deficiency can occur without anemia
True
44
What are the lab findings of anemia (other than the obvious)?
Microcytic anemia
| Increased TIBC
45
What are the symptoms of Fe toxicity?
Emesis
| Diarrhea
46
What are the chronic causes of Fe overload?
hemolytic anemia
| Hemochromatosis
47
What is the treatment for Fe overload?
Frequent phlebotomy and chelation
48
What are the three parts of the body that house Zn?
Liver
Kidney
Muscle
49
What are the drugs that decreased Zn absorption? Why?
Antacids
H2 receptor blockers
Increased acidity lower release of Zn
50
What are the Zn dependent enzymes?
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Superoxide dismutase
Carbonic anhydrase
51
IF a wound does not heal, then what should be administered?
Vit C
| Zn
52
Zn supplementation can improve what two broad functions of the immune system?
Antioxidant levels
| CD4 count
53
What is the relationship of Zn to Vit A?
Decreased mobilization of retinol from the liver
54
What is the relationship between Zn and Cu absorption?
Decreases Cu absorption
55
What may replace Zn in enzyme necessary for heme synthesis?
Pb
56
Zn is required in digestion of what mineral?
Folate
57
What happens in Zn poisoning?
Decreases Cu and Hb
58
What are the two different oxidation states of Cu (and their names)?
Cu1 (cuprous)
| Cu2 (cupric)
59
What is the role of ceruloplasmin?
Needed for Fe mobilization
60
What is the metal that cytochrome C contains?
Cu
61
What is the metal that superoxide dismutase needs?
Cu
62
What is the metal that tyrosinase needs?
Cu
63
What is the interaction between Fe and Cu?
Cu need for Fe metabolism
64
What is the interaction between Mb and Cu?
Cu excretion rises and Mb intakes increases
65
What is the interaction between Se and Cu?
Cu deficiency decreases selenium-dependent enzyme function
66
True or false: Cu deficiency is rare in the US
True
67
What is the cause of Wilson's disease?
Defective transporter required for Cu biliary excretion
68
What is the cause of Menkes syndrome?
Defect in transporter that transports Cu to the fetus or through the intestines after birth
69
What are the symptoms of Cu poisoning?
N/v/d
Hematuria
Jaundice
70
What are the symptoms of Menkes syndrome?
Kinky white hair + Growth retardation
71
What is the function of selenium?
p450
| DNA repair
72
Se serves as a cofactor for what enzyme?
Glutathione peroxidase
73
Se has a role in metabolism of what mineral?
I
74
Cu deficiency leads to what problem with Se?
Decreased activity of Se-dependent enzymes
75
What is Keshan's disease?
Cardiomyopathy involving cardiogenic shock, CHF, necrosis of heart
76
What is Kashin's-Beck's disease?
Osteoarthropathy
| Degeneration and necrosis of joints
77
What are the symptoms of selenosis?
N/v fatigue
| hair and nail loss
78
Iodine is needed for the synthesis of what?
Thyroid hormone
79
Iodine deficiency results in what?
Hypothyroidism (goiter, decreased cold tolerance)
80
Why is Iodine toxicity rare?
Easily excreted in urine
81
What are the complications of iodine toxicity?
Hyperthyroidism (graves disease, weight loss, heat intolerance)
82
Fluoride reduce the uptake of what minerals? (4)
Al
Ca
Mg
Cl
83
Fluoride increases the uptake of what minerals?
phosphate
| Sulfate
84
What are the symptoms of fluoride toxicity?
Changes in bone, kidney and nerve function
85
What is the interaction between Cr and Fe
Cr may displace Fe
86
What is the role of Cr in glucose intolerance?
Binds to nicotinic acid and AA
87
What is picolinic acid, and what is the problem with it?
Cr supplement, may cause DNa damage
88
What is the role of Mn?
Enzyme activator
| Modulator of second messengers
89
What are the symptoms of Mn deficiency?
N/v/dermatitis
90
What are the symptoms of Mn toxicity?
Liver failure
| Parkinson-like symptoms
91
What happens when DM pts are supplemented with Cr?
Lowers BG and HbA1C
92
What metal is a potent antagonist of molybdenum?
Tungsten
93
What is the usual cause of molybdenum deficiency?
high intake of sulfur, Cu
94
Molybdenum deficiency is associated with what cancer?
Esophageal
95
What are the toxic effects of molybdenum?
High uric acid concentration
96
What are the six ultratrace elements?
```
Ni
Si
V
As
B
Co
```
97
What is the role of Ni?
Membrane/enzyme activity
98
What is the role of Si?
Formation of CT and bone matrix
99
What is the role of V?
Glucose and lipid reproductive performance
100
Deficiency in Ni results in what?
Liver problems, anemia
101
Deficiency in Si results in what?
Decreased collagen
102
Deficiency in V results in what?
Reduce growth
103
What is the function of arsenic?
Growth and iron use
104
What is the function of B?
Bone composition
105
What is the function of Co?
B12 structure
106
What is the function of Li?
Enzymes?
107
Low Li in water is associated with what?
Suicide, homicide
108
Al toxicity results in what?
Renal encephalopathy
109
Cd toxicity results in what?
Kidney problems
| Anemia
110
Hg toxicity results in what?
Ataxia
Visual problems
MR
111
Pb toxicity leads to what?
Neurological, kidney, and hematological changes
112
What is the effect of Pb on Fe?
Inhibits heme synthesis
113
What is the interaction between vitamin A and Zn?
Zn needed for Synthesis of retinol binding protein
114
What is the interaction between Zn and folate?
Zn deficiency = folate deficiency
115
What is the effect of high Zn levels on Cu? Hb?
Lowers Cu, therefor lowering Hb levels
116
What is the role of ceruloplasmin?
Transports Cu, needed for Fe utilization
117
Cr may displace which other metal?
Fe
