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Nutrition > Vits and minerals > Flashcards

Vits and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Folate pathway

A

draw it

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2
Q

What are the roles of vitamins in the body? (3)

A

Cofactors
Regulation
Antioxidants

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3
Q

What is a dietary reference intake?

A

General term for a set of reference values used to plan and assess nutrient intakes of healthy people

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4
Q

What is an RDA (recommended dietary allowance)?

A

avg daily level intake sufficient to meet needs

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5
Q

What is AI (adequate intake)?

A

Established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA, and set at a level to ensure nutritional adequacy

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6
Q

What is EAR (estimated average requirement)?

A

Expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that age group based on scientific literature

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7
Q

How many cups of veggies do you need?

A

2.5

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8
Q

How many ounces of grains do you need?

A

6 oz

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9
Q

How many cups of fruit?

A

2

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10
Q

How many cups of dairy?

A

3

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11
Q

how many oz of protein foods?

A

5.5

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12
Q

What happens to the need for micronutrients as you age?

A

increase

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13
Q

Which B vitamins have a TUL?

A

B3 and B6

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14
Q

What is B1?

A

Thiamin

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15
Q

Which water soluble vitamins can be broken down?

A

B, not C

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16
Q

What is Vitamin C needed for?

A

Collagen synthesis

Hydroxylation rxns

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17
Q

Is vit C a coenzyme?

A

No

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18
Q

Is vit C an antioxidant? Oxidant?

A

Yes to both

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19
Q

What is the effect of Vit C with Fe?

A

Increases absorption

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20
Q

What is the role of thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and biotin?

A

Degrade CHO and fats in Krebs cycle

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21
Q

Which B vitamins is involved in protein and AA breakdown?

A

B6

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22
Q

What is folate needed for?

A

Biosynthesis of DNA

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23
Q

B12 catalyzes which rxn?

A

Remethylation of homocystiene to methionine

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24
Q

PLP (B6) is used in which rxn?

A

Amino acid nitrogen transfers

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25
Q

Which AA metabolism requires folic acid?

A

S
G
M
H

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26
Q

What vitamin is required for myelin sheath production

A

B12

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27
Q

What is the role of folate/B12?

A

One carbon transfer

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28
Q

B12 deficiency leads to what?

A

pernicious anemia

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29
Q

Folate deficiency causes what?

A

Megaloblastic anemia

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30
Q

Cobalamin contains what ion?

A

Cobalt ion in a ring structure

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31
Q

What is the function of R binders in the mouth?

A

Holds B12 until hits stomach where intrinsic factor takes over

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32
Q

What is the factor released from parietal cells that aid in B12 absorption?

A

Intrinsic factor

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33
Q

Why is supplementary B12 needed if there is a stomach stapling?

A

Lower intrinsic factor production

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34
Q

Cobalamin deficiency results in what?

A

Pernicious anemia

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35
Q

What causes pernicious anemia?

A

Failure to secrete intrinsic factor or B12 deficiency

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36
Q

What is the parasite that causes pernicious anemia?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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37
Q

How do you diagnose an intrinsic factor deficiency?

A

Schilling test

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38
Q

What are the symptoms of B12 pernicious anemia?

A

Neuron demyelination

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39
Q

Folate deficiency results in what symptoms?

A

Diarrhea

glossitis

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40
Q

Are there neurological deficiencies in megaloblastic anemia?

A

No

41
Q

What is the methyl trap?

A

B12 deficiency leads to methyl group being stuck on MTHF

42
Q

Folate deficiency during pregnancy results in what?

A

Neural tube defects (bifida)

43
Q

Folate and B12 deficiency leads to what?

A

Increased homocysteine = vascular disease

44
Q

Low B12 + normal folate = ?

A

macrocytosis
anemia
Cognitive impairment

45
Q

Low B12 + high Folate = ?

A

Cognitive impairment

Anemia

46
Q

True or false: folate hides the cognitive impairment of B12 deficiency

A

True

47
Q

True or false: cigarette smoking increases the need for vitamins

A

True

48
Q

What is the effect of alcoholism on vitamin deficiency?

A

Causes low intake and increased need

49
Q

What is Beriberi caused by?

A

Thiamin deficiency

50
Q

What is dry beriberi?

A

Wrist/foot drop, (weakness) paresthesias

51
Q

What is wet beriberi?

A

Cardiomegaly, tachycardia, edema

52
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is what?

A

Thiamin deficiency causing Nystagmus, Ataxia, CONFABULATIONS

53
Q

What are the four Hs of vitamin C deficiency (scurvy)?

A

Hemorrhage
Hyperkeratosis
Hypochondriasis
Hematologic abnormalities

54
Q

Biotin deficiency leads to what?

A

Depression hallucinations

myalgias,

55
Q

What is the association with raw eggs and biotin deficiency?

A

Has protein that makes biotin unavailable

56
Q

What can cause biotin deficiency?

A

IBD
Alcoholics
Sulfonamide therapy

57
Q

What causes burning feet syndrome?

A

Pantothenic acid deficiency

58
Q

What are the symptoms of riboflavin deficiency?

A

Pellagra-like symptoms

59
Q

Niacin deficiency causes what?

A

Pellagra

60
Q

What is the cause of pellagra? Symptoms?

A 
Niacin deficiency
Dermatitis
Dementia
Diarrhea
Death
61
Q

What can cause Niacin deficiency?

A

Impaired Y absorption/metabolism

62
Q

Pyridoxine deficiency causes what?

A

Fatigue, cheilosis

63
Q

Folate toxicity causes what?

A

Masks B12 deficiency

64
Q

Niacin toxicity causes what?

A

Histamine
Flushing
Injury to liver

65
Q

Thiamin toxicity is used in treatment of what?

A

Inborn errors of metabolism

66
Q

B6 toxicity is used in the treatment of what?

A

atherosclerosis

67
Q

Carnitine synthesis is used in what? What vitamin is required?

A

Fat metabolism

Vit C

68
Q

What is the role of vit c in Cu and Fe maintenance?

A

Reduces Cu2 to Cu1, and Fe3 to Fe2

69
Q

What is the role of B1 (thiamin)?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids and 2-keto sugars

70
Q

What is the role of vit B2 (riboflavin)?

A

Electron transfer reactions

71
Q

What is the role of vit B3 (niacin)?

A

Electron transfer reactions

72
Q

What is the role of pantothenic acid?

A

Acyl transfer reactions

73
Q

What is the role of pyridoxine (B6)?

A

Coenzyme for transamination

74
Q

Deficiency in thiamin results in what?

A

Beriberi
Muscle weakness
anorexia

75
Q

Deficiency in riboflavin results in what?

A

Cheilosis
Glossitis
Hyperemia

76
Q

Deficiency in niacin results in what?

A

Pellagra

4Ds

77
Q

Deficiency in pantothenic acid results in what?

A

Numbness and tingling of extremities

78
Q

Deficiency in pyridoxine results in what?

A

Dermatitis

Glossitis

79
Q

What are the sources of B1?

A

Yeast
Pork
Legumes

80
Q

What are the sources of riboflavin (B2)?

A

Beef

Dairy

81
Q

What are the sources of Niacin?

A

Tuna
Mushrooms
Beef

82
Q

What are the sources of pantothenic acid?

A

Widespread, but eggs

83
Q

What are the sources of B6 (pyridoxine)?

A

Fish

Meat

84
Q

What is the vitamin that is involved in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine?

A

B12

85
Q

What is the vitamin that is needed for heme synthesis of Hb?

A

PLP (B6)

86
Q

Folate serves what purpose, specifically?

A

source of carbon moieties for nucleotide biosynthesis

87
Q

Which vitamin is needed for myelin sheath production?

A

B12

88
Q

Which vitamin serves as a prosthetic group of transketolase in hexose monophosphate shunt?

A

Thiamin

89
Q

What are the amino acids that require Folic acid in their synthesis?

A

S
G
M
H

90
Q

NAD and NADP contain what vitamin?

A

Niacin

91
Q

Folate is needed in what biological process?

A

DNA/RNA synthesis

92
Q

Folate serves as a substrate for what molecule?

A

cobalamin

93
Q

Which type of beriberi is associated with low CHO intake, and which high?

A 
Low = dry
Wet = high
94
Q

True or false: hypo and hyperglycemia can be found in biotin deficiencies

A

True

95
Q

What drug can cause pellagra?

A

Isoniazid

96
Q

What is the first stage of megaloblastic anemia?

A

negative folate balance (decreased serum folate)

97
Q

What is the second stage of megaloblastic anemia?

A

Decreased RBC folate levels and hypersegmented PMNs

98
Q

What is the third stage of megaloblastic anemia?

A

Macroovalocytes, increased MCV, and decreased Hb

Nutrition (31 decks)

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