Vits and minerals

Question 1

Folate pathway

Answer 1

draw it

Question 2

What are the roles of vitamins in the body? (3)

Answer 2

Cofactors
Regulation
Antioxidants

Question 3

What is a dietary reference intake?

Answer 3

General term for a set of reference values used to plan and assess nutrient intakes of healthy people

Question 4

What is an RDA (recommended dietary allowance)?

Answer 4

avg daily level intake sufficient to meet needs

Question 5

What is AI (adequate intake)?

Answer 5

Established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA, and set at a level to ensure nutritional adequacy

Question 6

What is EAR (estimated average requirement)?

Answer 6

Expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that age group based on scientific literature

Question 7

How many cups of veggies do you need?

Answer 7

2.5

Question 8

How many ounces of grains do you need?

Answer 8

6 oz

Question 9

How many cups of fruit?

Answer 9

2

Question 10

How many cups of dairy?

Answer 10

3

Question 11

how many oz of protein foods?

Answer 11

5.5

Question 12

What happens to the need for micronutrients as you age?

Answer 12

increase

Question 13

Which B vitamins have a TUL?

Answer 13

B3 and B6

Question 14

What is B1?

Answer 14

Thiamin

Question 15

Which water soluble vitamins can be broken down?

Answer 15

B, not C

Question 16

What is Vitamin C needed for?

Answer 16

Collagen synthesis

Hydroxylation rxns

Question 17

Is vit C a coenzyme?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

Is vit C an antioxidant? Oxidant?

Answer 18

Yes to both

Question 19

What is the effect of Vit C with Fe?

Answer 19

Increases absorption

Question 20

What is the role of thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and biotin?

Answer 20

Degrade CHO and fats in Krebs cycle

Question 21

Which B vitamins is involved in protein and AA breakdown?

Answer 21

B6

Question 22

What is folate needed for?

Answer 22

Biosynthesis of DNA

Question 23

B12 catalyzes which rxn?

Answer 23

Remethylation of homocystiene to methionine

Question 24

PLP (B6) is used in which rxn?

Answer 24

Amino acid nitrogen transfers

Question 25

Which AA metabolism requires folic acid?

Answer 25

S G M H

Question 26

What vitamin is required for myelin sheath production

Answer 26

B12

Question 27

What is the role of folate/B12?

Answer 27

One carbon transfer

Question 28

B12 deficiency leads to what?

Answer 28

pernicious anemia

Question 29

Folate deficiency causes what?

Answer 29

Megaloblastic anemia

Question 30

Cobalamin contains what ion?

Answer 30

Cobalt ion in a ring structure

Question 31

What is the function of R binders in the mouth?

Answer 31

Holds B12 until hits stomach where intrinsic factor takes over

Question 32

What is the factor released from parietal cells that aid in B12 absorption?

Answer 32

Intrinsic factor

Question 33

Why is supplementary B12 needed if there is a stomach stapling?

Answer 33

Lower intrinsic factor production

Question 34

Cobalamin deficiency results in what?

Answer 34

Pernicious anemia

Question 35

What causes pernicious anemia?

Answer 35

Failure to secrete intrinsic factor or B12 deficiency

Question 36

What is the parasite that causes pernicious anemia?

Answer 36

Diphyllobothrium latum

Question 37

How do you diagnose an intrinsic factor deficiency?

Answer 37

Schilling test

Question 38

What are the symptoms of B12 pernicious anemia?

Answer 38

Neuron demyelination

Question 39

Folate deficiency results in what symptoms?

Answer 39

Diarrhea | glossitis

Question 40

Are there neurological deficiencies in megaloblastic anemia?

Answer 40

No

Question 41

What is the methyl trap?

Answer 41

B12 deficiency leads to methyl group being stuck on MTHF

Question 42

Folate deficiency during pregnancy results in what?

Answer 42

Neural tube defects (bifida)

Question 43

Folate and B12 deficiency leads to what?

Answer 43

Increased homocysteine = vascular disease

Question 44

Low B12 + normal folate = ?

Answer 44

macrocytosis anemia Cognitive impairment

Question 45

Low B12 + high Folate = ?

Answer 45

Cognitive impairment | Anemia

Question 46

True or false: folate hides the cognitive impairment of B12 deficiency

Answer 46

True

Question 47

True or false: cigarette smoking increases the need for vitamins

Answer 47

True

Question 48

What is the effect of alcoholism on vitamin deficiency?

Answer 48

Causes low intake and increased need

Question 49

What is Beriberi caused by?

Answer 49

Thiamin deficiency

Question 50

What is dry beriberi?

Answer 50

Wrist/foot drop, (weakness) paresthesias

Question 51

What is wet beriberi?

Answer 51

Cardiomegaly, tachycardia, edema

Question 52

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is what?

Answer 52

Thiamin deficiency causing Nystagmus, Ataxia, CONFABULATIONS

Question 53

What are the four Hs of vitamin C deficiency (scurvy)?

Answer 53

Hemorrhage Hyperkeratosis Hypochondriasis Hematologic abnormalities

Question 54

Biotin deficiency leads to what?

Answer 54

Depression hallucinations | myalgias,

Question 55

What is the association with raw eggs and biotin deficiency?

Answer 55

Has protein that makes biotin unavailable

Question 56

What can cause biotin deficiency?

Answer 56

IBD Alcoholics Sulfonamide therapy

Question 57

What causes burning feet syndrome?

Answer 57

Pantothenic acid deficiency

Question 58

What are the symptoms of riboflavin deficiency?

Answer 58

Pellagra-like symptoms

Question 59

Niacin deficiency causes what?

Answer 59

Pellagra

Question 60

What is the cause of pellagra? Symptoms?

Answer 60

``` Niacin deficiency Dermatitis Dementia Diarrhea Death ```

Question 61

What can cause Niacin deficiency?

Answer 61

Impaired Y absorption/metabolism

Question 62

Pyridoxine deficiency causes what?

Answer 62

Fatigue, cheilosis

Question 63

Folate toxicity causes what?

Answer 63

Masks B12 deficiency

Question 64

Niacin toxicity causes what?

Answer 64

Histamine Flushing Injury to liver

Question 65

Thiamin toxicity is used in treatment of what?

Answer 65

Inborn errors of metabolism

Question 66

B6 toxicity is used in the treatment of what?

Answer 66

atherosclerosis

Question 67

Carnitine synthesis is used in what? What vitamin is required?

Answer 67

Fat metabolism Vit C

Question 68

What is the role of vit c in Cu and Fe maintenance?

Answer 68

Reduces Cu2 to Cu1, and Fe3 to Fe2

Question 69

What is the role of B1 (thiamin)?

Answer 69

Oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids and 2-keto sugars

Question 70

What is the role of vit B2 (riboflavin)?

Answer 70

Electron transfer reactions

Question 71

What is the role of vit B3 (niacin)?

Answer 71

Electron transfer reactions

Question 72

What is the role of pantothenic acid?

Answer 72

Acyl transfer reactions

Question 73

What is the role of pyridoxine (B6)?

Answer 73

Coenzyme for transamination

Question 74

Deficiency in thiamin results in what?

Answer 74

Beriberi Muscle weakness anorexia

Question 75

Deficiency in riboflavin results in what?

Answer 75

Cheilosis Glossitis Hyperemia

Question 76

Deficiency in niacin results in what?

Answer 76

Pellagra | 4Ds

Question 77

Deficiency in pantothenic acid results in what?

Answer 77

Numbness and tingling of extremities

Question 78

Deficiency in pyridoxine results in what?

Answer 78

Dermatitis | Glossitis

Question 79

What are the sources of B1?

Answer 79

Yeast Pork Legumes

Question 80

What are the sources of riboflavin (B2)?

Answer 80

Beef | Dairy

Question 81

What are the sources of Niacin?

Answer 81

Tuna Mushrooms Beef

Question 82

What are the sources of pantothenic acid?

Answer 82

Widespread, but eggs

Question 83

What are the sources of B6 (pyridoxine)?

Answer 83

Fish | Meat

Question 84

What is the vitamin that is involved in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine?

Answer 84

B12

Question 85

What is the vitamin that is needed for heme synthesis of Hb?

Answer 85

PLP (B6)

Question 86

Folate serves what purpose, specifically?

Answer 86

source of carbon moieties for nucleotide biosynthesis

Question 87

Which vitamin is needed for myelin sheath production?

Answer 87

B12

Question 88

Which vitamin serves as a prosthetic group of transketolase in hexose monophosphate shunt?

Answer 88

Thiamin

Question 89

What are the amino acids that require Folic acid in their synthesis?

Answer 89

S G M H

Question 90

NAD and NADP contain what vitamin?

Answer 90

Niacin

Question 91

Folate is needed in what biological process?

Answer 91

DNA/RNA synthesis

Question 92

Folate serves as a substrate for what molecule?

Answer 92

cobalamin

Question 93

Which type of beriberi is associated with low CHO intake, and which high?

Answer 93

``` Low = dry Wet = high ```

Question 94

True or false: hypo and hyperglycemia can be found in biotin deficiencies

Answer 94

True

Question 95

What drug can cause pellagra?

Answer 95

Isoniazid

Question 96

What is the first stage of megaloblastic anemia?

Answer 96

negative folate balance (decreased serum folate)

Question 97

What is the second stage of megaloblastic anemia?

Answer 97

Decreased RBC folate levels and hypersegmented PMNs

Question 98

What is the third stage of megaloblastic anemia?

Answer 98

Macroovalocytes, increased MCV, and decreased Hb