Minerals I

Question 1

What are macrominerals?

Answer 1

Minerals that are required at amounts >100mg/day

Question 2

What are trace minerals?

Answer 2

Minerals required at amounts

Question 3

What major minerals are those present in amounts larger than what?

Answer 3

5 g

Question 4

Major or trace mineral: Ca

Answer 4

Major

Question 5

Major or trace mineral: phosphorus

Answer 5

major

Question 6

Major or trace mineral: K

Answer 6

Major

Question 7

Major or trace mineral: sulfur

Answer 7

major

Question 8

Major or trace mineral: chloride

Answer 8

Major

Question 9

Major or trace mineral: Mg

Answer 9

Major

Question 10

Major or trace mineral: Fe

Answer 10

Trace

Question 11

Major or trace mineral: Zn

Answer 11

trace

Question 12

Major or trace mineral: Cu

Answer 12

Trace

Question 13

Major or trace mineral: Mg

Answer 13

Trace

Question 14

Major or trace mineral: Iodine

Answer 14

trace

Question 15

Major or trace mineral: Selenium

Answer 15

Trace

Question 16

Ca and phosphoruss are higher in adolescents than at any other time. Why?

Answer 16

High bone growth

Question 17

Is there a DRI or UL for sulfur?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

What is the role of Cl in the body?

Answer 18

Maintains enzyme activation, pH

Question 19

What is the role of potassium?

Answer 19

Water/eletrolyte balance

Cell membrane transfer

Question 20

Deficiency in K leads to what?

Answer 20

Muscle weakness/paralysis

Arrhythmias

Question 21

What are the sources of phosphorus?

Answer 21

meat

dairy

Question 22

What is the role of Na?

Answer 22

Water and electrolyte balance
pH balance
nerve transmission

Question 23

Deficiency in Na leads to what?

Answer 23

Anorexia
Nausea
Muscle atrophy

Question 24

What is the role of sulfur in the body?

Answer 24

Component of amino acids

Question 25

Deficiency of sulfur leads to what?

Answer 25

Unknown

Question 26

What are the sources of sulfur?

Answer 26

proteinacious foods

Question 27

What is the DRI for water for males? Females?

Answer 27

``` Males = 3.7 L/day Females = 2.5 L/day ```

Question 28

A decrease in what percent of body water can be life threatening?

Answer 28

10%

Question 29

What are the functions of water?

Answer 29

Solvent Regulate body temp Lube joints Transport

Question 30

What percent of body water is found intracellularly? Extracellularly?

Answer 30

``` Intracellularly = 60% Extracellularly = 40% ```

Question 31

What part of the 40% of water that is extracellular is found in the interstitium? Intravascularly?

Answer 31

``` Interstitium = 32% Intravascular = 8% ```

Question 32

Why does muscle weigh more than fat?

Answer 32

Due to more water in muscle

Question 33

True or false: deficiencies in Na, K, and Cl are extremely rare

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What is the major extracellular cation?

Answer 34

Na

Question 35

What is the major intracellular cation?

Answer 35

K

Question 36

What is the major extracellular anion?

Answer 36

Cl

Question 37

What is the beer potomania?

Answer 37

Beer hyponatremia d/t large fluid intake

Question 38

What is the MOA of refeeding syndrome?

Answer 38

Insulin pulls K into cells, leading to hypokalemia

Question 39

What is the adequate daily intake for sodium? TUL?

Answer 39

1.5g TUL = 2.3 g

Question 40

True or false: most of the sodium in our diet is not from added table salt

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Which ethnicity should have a lower sodium intake?

Answer 41

African descent (1.5 as opposed to 2.3)

Question 42

What are the effects of low K intake?

Answer 42

Increased BP Increased salt sensitivity Increased Bone turnover Increased risk of kidney stones

Question 43

Where does our K come from?

Answer 43

Foods (not supplements)

Question 44

What is the cause of salt sensitivity?

Answer 44

Renal injury, leading to stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system via sympathetics, and increased retention of water + salts

Question 45

What happens to sudden drops of Na intake in salt sensitive individuals?

Answer 45

Sudden hyponatremia

Question 46

What are the three hormones involved in Ca regulation?

Answer 46

PTH Calcitriol Calcitonin

Question 47

What percent of our body's Ca is found in bones/teeth?

Answer 47

99%

Question 48

True or false: vitamin D is the only real vitamin that plays a role in bone health

Answer 48

False-many others

Question 49

What is the effect of Ca levels on high Na intake?

Answer 49

Increase excretion of Ca

Question 50

What is the effect of high intake of protein on Ca levels?

Answer 50

Increases excretion

Question 51

What is the effect of caffeine on Ca levels?

Answer 51

Increase excretion and reduces absorption

Question 52

What is the effect of alcohol on Ca levels?

Answer 52

Reduces absorption

Question 53

What is the effect of Phosphorus on Ca levels?

Answer 53

Minimal effects

Question 54

What is the effect of Fruits and vegetables on Ca levels?

Answer 54

reduces excretion

Question 55

What is the effect of boron with Mg on Ca levels?

Answer 55

Increases excretion

Question 56

How does coffee stunt growth?

Answer 56

Increases Ca excretion

Question 57

What is the RDI for Ca to reduce risk for hip fracture?

Answer 57

750 mg

Question 58

What is the risk of Ca supplements?

Answer 58

Increased risk of renal stones

Question 59

Who is more likely to take a Ca supplement: men or women?

Answer 59

Women

Question 60

Where in our body is most of the phosphorus found?

Answer 60

Bones

Question 61

What are the roles of phosphorus?

Answer 61

ATP generation Acid base balance Intracellular anion

Question 62

PTH and vitamin D have what effect on phosphorus absorption?

Answer 62

Increase

Question 63

What is the effect of magnesium, Al, Ca on phosphorus absorption?

Answer 63

Decrease

Question 64

What is the relationship between phosphorus intake and excretion?

Answer 64

Linear

Question 65

True or false: deficiency in phosphorus is rare

Answer 65

true--present in most foods

Question 66

Who is particularly at risk for phosphorus deficiency?

Answer 66

Premature infants | Those receiving large amounts of vitamin supplements

Question 67

What is the normal range of Mg intake?

Answer 67

20-28g

Question 68

Where in the body is most Mg found?

Answer 68

Bone/muscle

Question 69

What is the role of Mg in the body? (2)

Answer 69

Crystal lattice of bone | Enzymes

Question 70

Phytate and fiber can impair the absorption in what mineral?

Answer 70

Mg

Question 71

What is the type of coating of tablets that increased absorption?

Answer 71

Enteric coated

Question 72

What is the metal that can inhibit PTH secretion?

Answer 72

Mg

Question 73

What mineral is needed for the hydroxylation of vit D?

Answer 73

Mg

Question 74

What is the mineral needed to balance K in the body?

Answer 74

Mg

Question 75

Deficiency in Mg leads to what?

Answer 75

N/v/anorexia | Spasms/tremors

Question 76

What is the major role of sulfur?

Answer 76

Part of vitamins and keratin

Question 77

True or false: there is an interrelationship between sulfur and vit E

Answer 77

True