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Anatomy & Physiology > Vessel Anatomy and Pressures > Flashcards

Vessel Anatomy and Pressures Flashcards

1
Q

Describe arteries grossly

A

Thick, hold their shape; 3 tunics of the wall

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2
Q

Describe veins grossly

A

Thin walls, collapsible, large lumen; low pressure; contain valves; 3 tunics but thinner

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3
Q

Describe capillaries grossly

A

Thinnest vessel, site of gas exchange; just 1 tunic

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4
Q

Describe blood flow from arteries to veins

A

Blood flows down artery, into arteriole, into capillary bed; drains into venule, flows into vein

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5
Q

Which vessels contain valves?

A

Veins

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6
Q

What is the purpose of valves in veins?

A

Low pressure vessels prone to backflow; valves prevent this

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7
Q

What are the tunics of arteries and veins?

A

Tunica interna (endothelia, basement membrane); tunica media (smooth muscle); tunica externa

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8
Q

Where is the external elastic lamina found?

A

Tunica interna and tunica media of arteries

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9
Q

What are the tunics of capillaries?

A

Just tunica interna; endothelium and basement membrane

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10
Q

Describe the tunica interna/intima

A

lines lumen, in contact with blood; smooth simple squamous endothelia. Beneath endothelia is the basement membrane; loose CT that contains collagen

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11
Q

What is the function of the subendothelial layer/basement membrane?

A

Aids in clotting; collagen of the connective tissues draws platelets

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12
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

Middle layer made of smooth muscle; contains elastin (elastic fibers) in arteries. Innervated by SNS fibers that control vasodilation/constriction; controls blood pressure

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13
Q

Describe the tunica externa/adventitia

A

Loose collagen fibers & elastin; contains nerve, lymph and blood vessels that serve the vessel itself; anchors and protects the vessel

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14
Q

What is the vasa vesorum?

A

The system of blood vessels that serve other blood vessels

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15
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Force per unit area exerted on the wall of a vessel by the blood; mmHg

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16
Q

What is generally being referred to when talking about BP measures clinically?

A

systemic arterial BP in the largest arteries near the heart, like the radial artery

17
Q

What are the different types of arteries?

A

Elastic arteries, arterioles, muscular arteries

18
Q

What are elastic arteries?

A

Largest type of arteries; conducting vessels. Include aorta, pulmonary trunk, common carotid, etc. Thick walled, low resistance high in elastic tissue

19
Q

What are muscular arteries?

A

Distributing vessels; lots of smooth muscle and more fibrous tissue. Active in vasoconstriction

20
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Smallest arteries; resistance vessels. Control blood flow into capillaries

21
Q

What affects arterial blood pressure?

A

Stretch: how much can elastic arteries stretch?
Volume: how much blood is forced into the arteries?

22
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Hardening of the elastic arteries due to plaque build up; increases blood pressure by greater resistance to blood flow through arteries

23
Q

What is the systolic BP measuring?

A

Pressure in artery resulting from ventricular ejection phase (higher number on top)

24
Q

What is a diastolic BP measuring?

A

Pressure in artery resulting from the non-ejection phase (lower number on bottom)

25
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (sys-di)

26
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure?

A

Average pressure propelling blood to the tissues of the body; diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure

27
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal

28
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A

Most common, fewest holes; intercellular clefts that allow for a little leakage. Found in brain and muscles & allow substances like glucose, H2O, O2, hormones, etc to exit the blood stream

29
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

have fenestrations/pores, not as common; found in places like the kidneys where the blood is filtered

30
Q

What are sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Contain large holes called sinusoids. Found in liver, red bone marrow and allow for passage of large molecules like RBCs

31
Q

What is the pressure in the different vessels?

A

Highest in the arteries, much lower in capillaries but slightly lower than that in the veins. Needs to be like this to allow for blood flow (high -> low pressure)

32
Q

Why is low pressure preferable in the capillaries?

A

They’re very fragile; high pressure will cause rupture. They’re highly permeable, and high pressure can cause edema

33
Q

What are venules?

A

Very small veins that carry blood intermediate to capillaries and veins; extremely porous

34
Q

What is the “volume sink” of vasculature?

A

Veins, because they carry ~65% of blood volume at any given time

35
Q

Compare veins to arteries.

A

Veins have larger lumen and thinner tunics, much lower pressure. Veins contain valves to prevent backflow from low pressure

36
Q

If veins are low pressure, how is blood flow back to the heart against gravity facilitated?

A

Muscular pump & respiratory pump. Backflow prevented by valves

37
Q

Describe a simple circulatory pathway

A

Flows from artery into one capillary bed, then to vein

38
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart. Found in places like the intestines, liver, kidneys, hypothalamus/pituitary (hypophyseal portal)

39
Q

What is an anastomoses?

A

System of blood vessels that allows blood to take alternate routes. Merging of multiple paths from artery to capillary; examples include the circle of willis and vasculature of the cardiac muscle

Anatomy & Physiology (43 decks)

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