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Anatomy & Physiology > Nerves, Signaling, CSF, Membrane transport > Flashcards

Nerves, Signaling, CSF, Membrane transport Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

The tissue lining the innermost layer of a nerve, surrounding each individual cell

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2
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

The tissue surrounding each bundle (fascicle) of nerve cells

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3
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

The outermost tissue surrounding a nerve

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4
Q

What structures are part of the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What structures are part of the peripheral nervous system?

A

All the nerves of the body including the cranial nerves

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6
Q

What is an afferent nerve?

A

A nerve that receives sensory input (A= arrives)

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7
Q

What is an efferent nerve?

A

A nerve that produces motor output (E= exit)

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8
Q

True or false: electrical signals can travel up and down the same neuron

A

FALSE: an electrical signal can only travel one way through a certain neuron.

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9
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

The neuron

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10
Q

What are dendrites?

A

The branches off the soma that receive information from their environment

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11
Q

Where are the nucleus and organelles located in a neuron?

A

The soma (cell body)

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12
Q

What structure of the neuron carries information from the receiving end to the transmitting end?

A

The axon

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13
Q

What structure of the neuron transmits information from the neuron to the next cell?

A

Axon terminals

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14
Q

What type of neuron structure is found in the CNS and motor neurons?

A

Multipolar

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15
Q

What type of neuron structure is associated with the special senses like sight and smell?

A

Bipolar

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16
Q

What type of neuron structure is associated with the sense of touch?

A

Unipolar

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17
Q

Where do nerve bodies synapse (connect) in the brain?

A

Grey matter

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18
Q

Where do the axons travel through the brain?

A

White matter

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19
Q

What creates a resting transmembrane potential?

A

Difference in electrical charge inside vs. outside the cell

20
Q

What maintains the transmembrane potential?

A

Sodium-potassium pumps

21
Q

What quantity of ions does the sodium-potassium pump move?

A

3 Na out
2 K in

22
Q

This is the first part of the axon that contains voltage-gated channels & is capable of creating an action potential

A

Trigger zone

23
Q

This is a specific change in the transmembrane potential due to opening of sodium voltage gated channels and potassium voltage gated channels

A

Action potential

24
Q

This is the transmembrane potential that causes a voltage gated channel to open

A

Threshold; -55mV

25
Q

This is a depolarizing stimulus that changes the membrane potential but does not cause the membrane to reach threshold; no AP generated

A

Subthreshold stimulus

26
Q

This is a depolarizing stimulus that causes the membrane to reach (or exceed) threshold; generates an AP

A

Suprathreshold/threshold stimulus

27
Q

True or false: leak channels and sodium-potassium pump channels are always working

A

true

28
Q

These channels are located on the dendrites

A

Chemically-gated channels

29
Q

These channels are located on the axon

A

Voltage-gated Na-K channels

30
Q

These channels are located on the axon terminals

A

Voltage-gated Ca channels

31
Q

Describe graded potential

A

Depolarization that weakens the further it gets from the point of stimulus

32
Q

What is the trigger zone?

A

the first place on the neuron to contain voltage-gated channels

33
Q

Describe the relationship between graded potential and the trigger zone

A

A stimulus must be strong enough for the graded potential to travel all the way from the dendrites to the trigger zone and stay above the AP threshold

34
Q

Axon terminals release neurotransmitter through what?

A

Synaptic vesicles

35
Q

This glial cell is responsible for producing CSF

A

ependymal cell

36
Q

Where are the ependymal cells located?

A

In the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain

37
Q

How do substances cross a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Lipids and water can simply diffuse; proteins, ions, carbohydrates must travel through channels

38
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The method of bulk transport where a cell engulfs large molecules with a vesicle to transport into the cell

39
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The opposite of endocytosis; transport of large molecules out of a cell

40
Q

What is an example of exocytosis?

A

Neurotransmitter being released from an axon terminal on a neuron

41
Q

What is an example of endocytosis?

A

glial cells consuming neurotransmitter after the chemical has completed its task

42
Q

What is required for the Na-K pump to move 3 Na+ and 2 K+ across the membrane?

A

1 ATP

43
Q

What part of the neuron contains Na/K pump and leak channels?

A

Everywhere!!

44
Q

What part of the neuron includes chemically gated channels?

A

Dendrites

45
Q

What part of the neuron contains voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels?

A

Axon

46
Q

What part of the neuron contains voltage-gated calcium channels?

A

Axon terminals

47
Q

What path does CSF take through the brain/body?

A

Created in the choroid plexus, circulates through the ventricles of the brain, down through central canal of spinal cord, up into/through the subarachnoid space, pass through arachnoid granulations into superior sagittal sinus to be absorbed into venous circulation

Anatomy & Physiology (43 decks)

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