Cardiovascular system & blood

Question 1

What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

Hydrostatic pressure pump (heart), fluid vessels, fluid (blood)

Question 2

What is blood composed of?

Answer 2

Formed elements and plasma

Question 3

What is plasma?

Answer 3

Liquid component of blood, mostly water

Question 4

What are formed elements?

Answer 4

Cells and fragments of cells

Question 5

What is the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 5

System of vessels from the heart serving the lungs

Question 6

What is the systemic circuit?

Answer 6

System of vessels from the heart serving the head and body

Question 7

Describe the path blood takes through the pulmonary circuit

Answer 7

Deoxygenated blood leaves the right side of the heart, flows through the lungs to be oxygenated, and re-enters the left side of the heart

Question 8

Describe the basic path blood takes through the systemic circuit

Answer 8

Oxygenated blood leaves the left side of the heart, flows through the body to supply oxygen to other tissues, and flows back up into the right side of the heart (deoxygenated)

Question 9

What is the oxygen saturation of blood in pulmonary arteries?

Answer 9

Oxygen poor–blood is carried away from the heart via arteries, and blood enters the pulmonary system to become oxygenated

Question 10

What are the vessels of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 10

Artery, vein, capillary

Question 11

How does blood move through the vessels, directionally?

Answer 11

Blood is carried away from the heart via arteries, toward the heart via veins, and capillaries are the site of gas/substance exchange in tissues

Question 12

What happens when substances leave the blood through capillaries?

Answer 12

Enters the interstitial space between tissues, forms the interstitial fluid

Question 13

What is interstitial fluid?

Answer 13

A type of ECF specifically found outside of tissue cells, between layers of tissues

Question 14

What system is responsible for recycling of interstitial fluid?

Answer 14

Lymphatic system

Question 15

How is blood a tissue?

Answer 15

Fluid connective tissue; relatively few cells found far apart with an extracellular matrix formed by ground substance (in this case water) and proteins; derived from the mesenchyme

Question 16

What is the function of blood?

Answer 16

Transportation; regulation of pH & ions, temperature; protection from fluid loss, pathogens

Question 17

How much blood is in the body?

Answer 17

8-12 pints depending on age, height, weight, sex, etc

Question 18

Describe the physical properties of blood

Answer 18

slightly warmer than body temp ~38C/100F, pH 7.35-7.45, 3-5x more viscous than water

Question 19

How much of the body’s mass is blood?

Answer 19

7-8%

Question 20

Describe the composition of blood

Answer 20

~55% plasma (extracellular matrix), 45% formed elements (rbc’s, wbc’s, cell fragments like platelets, etc)

Question 21

Describe the composition of blood plasma

Answer 21

91.5% water, 1.5% solutes (electrolytes, nutrients, gasses, vit/mins, waste products), 7% proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogens)

Question 22

Albumins are the most abundant protein in plasma. What is their function?

Answer 22

Transport proteins for water-insoluble hormones and other lipid-based molecules

Question 23

Globulins are the second most abundant protein in plasma. What is their function?

Answer 23

Transport proteins for ions/hormn/lipids, immune function (immunoglobulins)

Question 24

Fibrinogens make up about 7% of the proteins in the blood. What is their primary function?

Answer 24

Clotting!

Question 25

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

Answer 25

Plasma is the liquid component of blood including proteins, minus formed elements. Serum is what is left over after proteins have been used up in clotting.

Question 26

What are the 5 types of WBCs?

Answer 26

Lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils

Question 27

What is an erythrocyte?

Answer 27

a mature red blood cell

Question 28

Describe the structure of an erythrocyte

Answer 28

small, biconcave (very flexible), relatively large surface area; anucleate with few organelles, no mitochondria

Question 29

Why do RBCs not have mitochondria?

Answer 29

Their function is to transport oxygen; mitochondria would use up the oxygen to create ATP. RBCs make ATP through glycolysis

Question 30

What is hematocrit?

Answer 30

% by volume of RBCs in whole blood

Question 31

What happens to hematocrit when you’re dehydrated?

Answer 31

Increases; less water in the blood means greater %bv of RBCs

Question 32

What is hemoglobin?

Answer 32

Gas transport protein in RBCs; transports 98.5% of O2 and 20% of CO2

Question 33

Describe the structure of a hemoglobin molecule

Answer 33

4 iron-containing hemes + 4 protein chains (globins)

Question 34

How much oxygen can one hemoglobin molecule carry?

Answer 34

4 molecules; one per heme