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MSK > Vertebral column > Flashcards

Vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

What’s within the vertebral column cavity

A

Spinal cord
Roots of spinal nerves
Meninges

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2
Q

How many vertebrae are there and what are they classified into

A 
33 vertebrae:
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
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3
Q

How many vertebrae are discrete and how many are fused

What structures do the fused vertebra form

A

24 discrete

9 fused - forms sacrum and coccyx

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4
Q

Gross functions of vertical column

A

Project body weight to pelvis and lower limbs
Attachment for bones and muscles
Protection and passage of spinal cord
Segmental Innervation of spinal cord (spinal nerves leave/join at specific points)
Shock absorption

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5
Q

How does the vertebral column project body weight to pelvis and lower limbs
What is the direction of transmission

A

Vertebral bodies increase in size inferiorly
Sacral vertebrae are fused, widened and concave anteriorly (transmits weight through pelvis)

Through line that passes centrally through curvatures of VC (centre of gravity)

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6
Q

What bones attach to the VC

A

Skull
Ribs
Iliac

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7
Q

What muscles attach to the VC

A

Muscles of trunk (maintain erect posture and move VC)

Muscles of pelvic and pectoral girdles

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8
Q

Typical structure of vertebrae

A

Anteriorly - rounded body
Posteriorly - vertebral arch
Vertebral foramen

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9
Q

Features of body of vertebrae

A

Usually largest part
Main weight bearing part
Major site of contact between adjacent vertebrae
Articular surface is covered with hyaline

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10
Q

Features of vertebral arch of vertebrae

A 
1 spinous process
2 transverse processes 
2 superior articular processes/facets
2 inferior articular processes/facets
Formed by lamina and pedicle
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11
Q

What does the lamina connect

A

Transverse process to spinous process

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12
Q

What does the pedicle connect

A

Transverse process to vertebral body

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13
Q

What’s formed between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

A

Synovial joints

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14
Q

What strengthens synovial joints between adjacent vertebrae

A

Ligamentum flavum

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15
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge

A

Intervertebral foramina

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16
Q

What type of joint does the articulation of superior and inferior articular processes form

A

Facet joint (synovial)

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17
Q

How is anterior displacement of vertebrae prevented

A

Superior and inferior articular processes interlock

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18
Q

What type of joints are intervertebral discs

A

Cartilaginous symphysis joints

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19
Q

What percentage of VC length is intervertebral discs

A

25%

20
Q

How are intervertebral discs kept turgid

A

High water content

21
Q

What happens to intervertebral discs with age

A

Dehydrate and get smaller

22
Q

What feature of intervertebral discs allows for secondary curvature of spine

A

Wedge shaped

23
Q

2 regions of intervertebral discs

A

Central - nucleus pulposus

Peripheral - annulus fibrosus

24
Q

What structures does the vertebral column support

A

Skull
Pectoral girdle
Upper limbs
Thoracic cage

25
Q

How does the position and size of the nucleus pulposus change with age

A

Central in infants but more posterior in adults

Shrinks with age (and over day due to compression by gravity)

26
Q

What’s the nucleus pulposus a remnant of

A

Notochord

27
Q

Features of nucleus pulposus

A

Gelatinous

High osmotic pressure

28
Q

Blood and neural supply of annulus fibrosus

A

None

29
Q

Structure of annulus fibrosus

A

Lamellae of annular bands in varying orientations that entirely surround the nucleus pulposus

30
Q

Difference between outer and inner lamellae in annulus fibrosus

A

Outer - collagenous

Inner - fibrocartilaginous

31
Q

Function of annulus fibrosus

A 
Major shock absorber 
Resists compression (stronger than vertebral bodies)
32
Q

Stages of disc herniation

A

Disc degeneration
Prolapse
Extrusion
Sequestration

33
Q

Where does disc herniation most commonly occur

A

L4/L5

L5/S1

34
Q

Describe disc degeneration

A

Chemical changes associated with aging causes disc to weaken

35
Q

Describe prolapse

A

Protrusion of nucleus pulposus with slight impingement into spinal canal

36
Q

Describe extrusion

A

Nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus but remains within disc space

37
Q

Describe sequestration

A

Nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus and lies outside disc space in spinal canal

38
Q

What direction do discs usually herniate

What is the consequence

A

Posterolaterally

Compression of spinal nerve roots

39
Q

What happens when discs herniate posteriorly

A

May cause spinal cord compression (neurological emergency)

40
Q

Effects of disc degeneration

A

Increased stress on discs
Increased stress on facet joints
Decreased size of vertebral foramina

41
Q

Effect of increased stress on discs with disc degeneration

A

Spondylosis deformans (growth of osteophytes around degenerating IV discs)

42
Q

Effect of increased stress on facet joints with disc degeneration

A

Osteoarthritis

pain as facet joints are innervated by meningeal branch of spinal nerve

43
Q

Effect of decreased size of intervertebral foramina with disc degeneration

A

Compression of spinal nerves e.g cervical spondylosis

44
Q

What is cervical spondylosis

A

Degenerative osteoarthritis of intervertebral joints in cervical spine causing the cervical vertebrae to stiffen (neck pain)
This puts pressure on nerve roots (radiculopathy) and spinal cord (myelopathy)

45
Q

Effect of pressure on nerve roots in cervical spondylosis

A

Paraesthesia
Pain
Myotomal motor weakness

46
Q

Effect of pressure on spinal cord in cervical spondylosis

A

Global weakness
Gait dysfunction
Loss of balance
Loss of bladder and bowel control

MSK (87 decks)

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