Vascular disease pathology O

Question 1

stenosis

Answer 1

valve does not open enough

smaller amount of blood can leave the ventricle

Question 2

incompetence

Answer 2

valves do not close fully

Question 3

what can cause problems with heart (stenosis or incompetence)

Answer 3

rheumatic fever
cardiac aortic valve disease
age related generation

Question 4

rheumatic fever - how does it start and what does it lead to

Answer 4

sore throat by step pharyngitis
immune reaction cross reacts with self antigens
leads to inflammation in heart (endocarditis)
leads to myocarditis, pericarditis, polyarthritis, subcutaneous noodles, erythema marginatum

Question 5

what can happen after rheumatic fever

Answer 5

reaction with the endocardium, valves are covered in this therefore can get inflammation of valves, leading to valve fibrosis

Question 6

what can calcific aortic valve disease lead to

Answer 6

hypertrophy, left ventricle has to work harder to pump into aorta

Question 7

what can happen to the mitral valve over time

Answer 7

prolapse in atriums

can be floppy and thinner

Question 8

types of prosthetic heart valves

Answer 8

biological

artificial

Question 9

complications of prosthetic heart valves

Answer 9

haemolysis od RBCs
coaluation
anticoagulation therapy 
mechanical failure
calcification
infective endocarditis

Question 10

complications of infective endocarditis

Answer 10

valve incompetence (valve can be destroyed by it)
myocarditis
systemic - emboli, general effects of systemic infection
glomerulonephritis

Question 11

infective endocarditis causative thngs

Answer 11

OC organisms
- streptococcus viridian’s, ca be released into bloodstream and lead to infective endocarditis

Staphylococcus aureus, dirty needles, bacteria from skin

fungi in immunocompromised people