Endocrine disease (pathology) Flashcards
endocrine gland
one whose secretions pass directly into the bloodstream
hormones
influence target organs by binding to receptors(cell surface or intracellular)
exocrine gland
secretions pass into the gut, respiratory etc
feedback mechanism
mechanisms in which body organs act based on the stimulatory or inhibitory effect of the hormones from the brain
clinical symptoms due to endocrine disease
1) underproduction/non functioning
2) over production
3) mass/nodules
- benign or malignant
what is the adrenal cortex made up of
- zona golmeruloa (aldosterone production)
- zone fasciculata (produce cortisol)
- zona reticularis (androgenic steroids)
what does the medulla of adrenals do
produce stress hormones (adrenaline and noradrenalin
common pathology of the adrenal gland
atrophy
normal
hyperplasia
diagnostic tools of adrenal gland - what can we use to monitor
24 hour urinary cortisol
adrenal cortical insufficiency causes
secondary - disease of the pituitary or hypothalamus
primary
- adrenal disease (developmental, haemorrhage necrosis etc)
effects of adrenal insufficiency
1) skin pigmentation
2) hypotension
3) muscle weakness
4) hypoglycaemia
5) hyponatraemia
adrenal overactivity can cause
cushings syndrome/disease
conns syndrome
adrenogenital syndrome
effects of Cushing syndrome
obesity
hypertension
osteoporosis
hyperglycaemia
adrenal cortical carcinoma vs adenoma
adenoma :well defined mass/benign
carcinoma: abnormal cells and abnormal nuclei in the cells
pheochromocytoma
tumour adrenal medulla
cells have large nuclei, in clusters
describe the thyroid
gland
anterior aspect of neck
connected by isthmus
R/L lobes
feedback mechanism of the thyroid
thyroid releasing hormones release from hypothalamus
pituitary gland secretes thyroid stimulating
thyroid gland secretes T3/4 into blood
excess amount will inhibit release from hypothalamus
diagnostic tools of thyroid pathology
serum t3,4,TSH, calcitonin
thyroid diseases
hypothyroidism
hyperthyroidism
masses
goitre (thyroid gland enlarged)
Hashimoto thyroiditis
autoimmune
- autoantibodies against thyrogolbin and thyroid peroxidase
enlarged thyroid -
lymophostatic inflammation with lymphoid follicles
treatment of Hashimoto thyroiditis
thyroixine supply
graves disease and treatment
autoimmune production of thyroid stimulating IgG anti TSH receptor AB cause cellulitis of thyroid tissues treatment - antithyroid mediltio, radio iodine ablation and surgery
thyroid mass categories
cyst
dominant nodule in mutlinodular goitre
benign neoplasms
malignant neoplasms
true papillary carcinoma
fibrous tissue
clear nuclei
overcrowding/overlapping
follicular carcinoma
blood stream spread
needs to have capsular invasion to be classified as follicular carcinoma
what can C cell hyperplasia give rise to
medullary carcinoma
anaplastic cardinoma
agresive local spread
poor prognosis
lymphoma types
non Hodgkins lymphoma
muscosa associated lymphoid tissues
