cardiovascular disease I

Question 1

what is the myocardium

Answer 1

ventricles/pumping system

Question 2

4 main components of the heart

Answer 2

myocardium
valves
conduction system
coronary blood supply

Question 3

malfunction of myocardial component ca lead to

Answer 3

heart falure

- conditions that affect the efficiency of the pump (reduced CO) cause HF

Question 4

causes of myocardial malfunction

Answer 4

previous heart attacks
high BP
genetic
drugs
idiotpathic

Question 5

how to assess pumping function of the heart

Answer 5

transthoracic echocardiography (ultrasound)

Question 6

symptoms of HF

Answer 6

breathlessness swelling

dizziness, tiredness, weight loss

Question 7

clinical signs of HF

Answer 7

1) low BP
2) high pulse rate
3) crepitations in lungs
4) raised jugular venous pressure
5) pitting ankle oedema/ascites
- not specific to heart failure, age can cause this ect
- does not indicate HF but contributes towards it

Question 8

valves can either be

Answer 8

stenosed - narrowed

regurgitant - leak

Question 9

cause of valve disease

Answer 9

• degeneration
• rheumatic fever
• congenitally abnormal valve
• endocarditis
• papillary muscle rupture after MI

Question 10

infective endocardidts

Answer 10

systemic infection alongside infected lumps around the bloodstream
- causes embolic complications e.g. stroke and heart valves being eaten away

Question 11

organisms which can cause endocarditis

Answer 11

streptococcal

staphylococcal

Question 12

arrhythmia types

Answer 12

tachycardia(too fast) over 100bmp

bradycardia (too slow) less than 60bpm

Question 13

ectopic beats

Answer 13

extra beats the ventricles do in the normal rhythm

Question 14

atrial fibrillation and flutter is and can lead to and is caused by

Answer 14

can lead to stroke (clots form in atria, moves to embolism in brain)
irregular pulse too fast,
caused by hypertension, HF, alcohol age, obesity

Question 15

supra ventricular tachycardai

Answer 15

narrow QRS complex
heart palpitation
feel faint and collapase

Question 16

ventricular fibrilaltion

Answer 16

caused by anything affecting ventricles
can cause sudden interruption of CO
fatal if untreated

Question 17

types of bradycardia

Answer 17

sinus bradycardia
slow atrial fibrillation/flutter
2nd degree heart block
complete heart block
asystole

Question 18

sinus bradycardia

Answer 18

slow ECG

Question 19

slow atrial fibrillation

Answer 19

may increase risk of stroke

tiredness/breathlessness

Question 20

heart block

Answer 20

issue with conduction
heart can stop at anytime
no relationship between P and QRS wave

Question 21

asystle

Answer 21

heart stops

conduction disease

Question 22

treatment of bradycarida

Answer 22

pacemaker

Question 23

risk factors for coronary artery disease

Answer 23

• Smoking
• High cholesterol
• High blood pressure
• Diabetes
• Overweight
• Poor diet
• Lack of physical activity
• Other atherosclerotic conditions (stroke, peripheral vascular disease)
• Family history
• Genetics
• Male sex
• Age

Question 24

angina

Answer 24

when coronary artery disease becomes obstructive,
can be stable or unstabe
- recurrent feeling of chest pressure, heaviness, pain, ingestion
precipitated by exertion or stress

Question 25

stable angina

Answer 25

pain on exertion but not resting

Question 26

myocardial infarction

Answer 26

when atherlscletoic plaque in coronary artery ruptured
triggers thrombus formation
- permanent death of some myocardium

Question 27

what is the difference between angina and heart attack

Answer 27

angina
when plaque is stable surrounded by firbrous cp
prevents thrombosis

Question 28

how long does agina last

Answer 28

10 mins max in general