cardiovascular disease I Flashcards
what is the myocardium
ventricles/pumping system
4 main components of the heart
myocardium
valves
conduction system
coronary blood supply
malfunction of myocardial component ca lead to
heart falure
- conditions that affect the efficiency of the pump (reduced CO) cause HF
causes of myocardial malfunction
previous heart attacks high BP genetic drugs idiotpathic
how to assess pumping function of the heart
transthoracic echocardiography (ultrasound)
symptoms of HF
breathlessness swelling
dizziness, tiredness, weight loss
clinical signs of HF
1) low BP
2) high pulse rate
3) crepitations in lungs
4) raised jugular venous pressure
5) pitting ankle oedema/ascites
- not specific to heart failure, age can cause this ect
- does not indicate HF but contributes towards it
valves can either be
stenosed - narrowed
regurgitant - leak
cause of valve disease
- degeneration
- rheumatic fever
- congenitally abnormal valve
- endocarditis
- papillary muscle rupture after MI
infective endocardidts
systemic infection alongside infected lumps around the bloodstream
- causes embolic complications e.g. stroke and heart valves being eaten away
organisms which can cause endocarditis
streptococcal
staphylococcal
arrhythmia types
tachycardia(too fast) over 100bmp
bradycardia (too slow) less than 60bpm
ectopic beats
extra beats the ventricles do in the normal rhythm
atrial fibrillation and flutter is and can lead to and is caused by
can lead to stroke (clots form in atria, moves to embolism in brain)
irregular pulse too fast,
caused by hypertension, HF, alcohol age, obesity
supra ventricular tachycardai
narrow QRS complex
heart palpitation
feel faint and collapase
ventricular fibrilaltion
caused by anything affecting ventricles
can cause sudden interruption of CO
fatal if untreated
types of bradycardia
sinus bradycardia slow atrial fibrillation/flutter 2nd degree heart block complete heart block asystole
sinus bradycardia
slow ECG
slow atrial fibrillation
may increase risk of stroke
tiredness/breathlessness
heart block
issue with conduction
heart can stop at anytime
no relationship between P and QRS wave
asystle
heart stops
conduction disease
treatment of bradycarida
pacemaker
risk factors for coronary artery disease
- Smoking
- High cholesterol
- High blood pressure
- Diabetes
- Overweight
- Poor diet
- Lack of physical activity
- Other atherosclerotic conditions (stroke, peripheral vascular disease)
- Family history
- Genetics
- Male sex
- Age
angina
when coronary artery disease becomes obstructive,
can be stable or unstabe
- recurrent feeling of chest pressure, heaviness, pain, ingestion
precipitated by exertion or stress
stable angina
pain on exertion but not resting
myocardial infarction
when atherlscletoic plaque in coronary artery ruptured
triggers thrombus formation
- permanent death of some myocardium
what is the difference between angina and heart attack
angina
when plaque is stable surrounded by firbrous cp
prevents thrombosis
how long does agina last
10 mins max in general