bones and joints patholgy/disease Flashcards
normal bone
- outer solid cortical bone
- inner trabecular (spongy) bone
- outside surface periosteum
- inner space (medullar) contains fat or haemopoietic marrow
functions of bone
mechanical mineral homeostasis(Calcium) houses haemopoeitic system
bone disease types
1) infections
2) tumours
3) trauma/degeneration
4) also specific dearrangmenst of bones specialised processed and functions
bone matrix formation diseases
osteogenesis imperfecta
due to mutation in type 1 collagen
can also affect ear/eye/teeth/skin
cartilage matrix formation fisroders
achondroplasia
- failure of cartilage maturation at the growth plate (of long bones)
- caused by mutation of fibroblast growth receptor 3 which causes it to be continually activated (it is a negative regulator of bone growth)
- failure of proper remodelling
disease of mienralisation
osteomalacia/rickets
osteoporosis
osteomalacia
defiicey in Vit D/calcium
can be dietary or metabolic
failure of mineralise - cartilage overgrowth, failure of longitudinal growth
causes fragility
rickets
rickets in growing skeleton
due to failure of mineralisation of growth plate cartilage – growth plate cartilage functions in quiesant and hypertrophic zone, as it mineralises gets resorbed and replaced by bone, but the final stage fails in rickets
osteoporsis
increase in porosity of bone due to reduction bone mass (gaps in trabecular bone increase)
hormones, lifestyle, activity, genetic, nutrition
complications of osteoporosis
fragility fractues
kyphosis (dowagers hump, as spinous processes stronger tan vertebral bodies)
loss of height
treatment of osteoporosis
inhibit bone resorption (bisphosphonates)
increase bone formation? experiments
disorders of abnormal turnover
pages disease deformity of individual bones increase in resorption and poor controlled bone formation can develop sarcoma no cure
bone infections
osteomyelitis
complicate of compound fractres
necrosis bone fragmetns
common organisms causing osteomyelitis
staph aureus
M tuberculosis
bone tumours
most are metastases
top 3 - lung breast prostate
primary bone tumours can be
chondrogenic
osteogenic
other (e.g. non matrix forming)
chondrogenic bengin tumoir
1) osteochrondroma
- from the growth plate, buds out forming a tumour typically long bones
2) chrondroma
- forms inside bones, typically in small bones
more benign than malignant
malignant chrondrogenic tumoir
1) chondrosarcoma
- resistant to radio therapy
- need to be surgical removal, difficult
- pelvis or proximal femur
osteogenic tumours benign
fewer benign
1) osteoid osteoma
- any site
- small tumours in cortex
2) osteoblastoma
- larger tumours
malignant osteogenic tumoirs
osteosarcoma
most common in distal femur
which bone tumours affect younger pt more
osteosarcoma
ewings sarcoma
types of joint diseases
1) infections
2) crystal arthropathies
3) chronic inflammatory arthritis
4) osteoarthritis/osteoarthrosis
5) tumours
joint infections
septic arthritus
usually staph aureus
Iv Ab with /without draiange
crystal arthropathies
gout
psudogout
gout
urate crystals secondary to raised serum uric acid
treated with drugs to lower serum rate
psuedogout
deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals
age related
treated symptimatically
chronic infalmamtory arthritis
generally autoimmune
rheumatoid most common
rheumatoid arthritis and tx
systemic inflmamtory disorder
progressive destruction synovitis
joint deformity
tx - anti TNF
osteoarthrisis/throsis
degenerativ disase
erosion of cartialge
minimal inflammation
predisposed by previous joint failure
treatment of osteoathritis
cannot cure
end stage treated by arthroplasty
