Opthalmology Flashcards
anatomy of the eye
draw and label
Anterior
- cornea
- iris
- lens
- ciliary body
Posterior
- vitreous
- retina
- optic nerve
extra ocular muscles
1) superior rectus
2) inferior rectus
3) medial rectus
4) lateral rectus
5) superior oblique
6) inferior oblique
back of the eye there is
1) optic nerve
2) macula
- central part of vision
- fine point vision
3) retina
4) retinal vessels
- these are all end vessels
optic nerve
- retina converts light into electrical impulses that travel down the optic nerve to the brain for processing
- ultimately the occipital cortex
- light transferred into electrical impulses
key points in the visual pathway
1) temporal visual field falls on nasal retina
2) superior visual field falls on inferior retina
3) there is cross over of nasal retinal fibres at the optic chiasm
4) RHS of visual field represented on the LHS of the brain and vice versa
if you get a pituirory tumour
can interfere with optic chiasm therefore will lose temporal fields
causes of visual disturbance can be catognised into
pathology of the eye
pathology of the brain structures involved in visual processing
symptoms of eye problems
- diplopia
- blurred
- pain
- tunnel vision
- floaters
- flashing lights
papilloedema
swelling of the optic nerve
bacterial vs viral infection in the eye
- watering = viral
- purulent discharge – bacterial
infeciton
bacterial vs viral vs allergic
conjunctivitis common cause
tx
- lubricant drops or Ab if bacterial
corneal abrasion
- painful
- often due to trauma
- heals within 2-3 days
- epithelium of corneal scratched off
corneal ulcer
- painful
- can be related to contact lens wear
- urgent referral to ophthalmologist
- will get staining of fluorine
- tx of Ab drops
subconjuncival haemorrhae
- often spontaneous or traumatic
- is pt on anticoagulants, clotting problems
- check blood pressure
- 2 weeks to resolve
anterior uveitis
- inflammation of the front of eye
- pain, light sensory
- vision can be decreased (cells there)
- can get a collection of pus
- irregular pupil
- can be linked to ankylosing spondylitis
- need referral to eye doctor
angle closure glaucoma
- patients have high pressure in their eye
- must be lowered before optic nerve undergoes irreversible damage (blind)
- often older pts
- painful red eye, decrease in vision
- often accompanied by nausea and vomiting
- need urgent referral to ophthalmology
scleritis
inflammation of the sclera, tough outer coat of eye
- normal vision
- deep red inflammation, violet or bluish hue (can get thinning of the sclera)
- intense pain, wakes pt from sleep
- requires referral to an ophthalmologist
- usually steroid tx
vison loss causes
cataract macular degeneration retinal detachment central retinal artery occlusion diabetic retiopathy chronic open angle glaucoma
caratact
opacity of lens
gradual loss of vision
occurs earlier in diabetes, trauma, steroid use
macular degernation
age related change at macula can be dry or wet wet - new blood vessel growth at macular area and leak dry - deposits found in macular regin
retinal detachmnet
pt see shadow in peripheral vision
preceded by flashing floaters
retina detaches from wall of eye
central retinal artery occlusion
sudden irreversible loss of vision
commonly due to embolus due to atherosclerosis
diabetic retinopathy
changes in microvasculatire
vessels can become leaky resulting in retinal oedema
chronic open angle glaucoma
painless with elevated eye pressure over a long period
damage to nerve overtime
asymptomatic until late stage
gradual field loss
giant cell arteritis
- severe headache
- scalp pain
- jaw pain
- tender temporally artery
- urgent condition
- can cause strokes and bilateral blindness
