URTI

Question 1

What is croup?

Answer 1

An upper respiratory tract infection.

Acute infective respiratory disease.

Question 2

What age does croup commonly affect?

Answer 2

6 months - 2yrs.

Can be older.

Question 3

What are the signs and symptoms of croup?

Answer 3

Low grade fever 
Increased work of breathing 
Hoarse voice 
Inspiratory stridor 
Barking cough

Question 4

When does croup usually get better?

Answer 4

Within 48hrs

Question 5

What is the at home management for croup?

Answer 5

Sit child up when coughing
Paracetamol
Fluids

Question 6

What medication can be given to treat croup?

Answer 6

Oral dexamethasone

Question 7

What is the dose of steroids given to treat croup?

Answer 7

150micrograms per kilogram.

1 off dose - can be given again after 12 hours if needed.

Question 8

What steroid is given if there is no dexamethasone for croup?

Answer 8

Oral prednisolone

Question 9

What are the steps in severe croup?

Answer 9

Oral dexamethasone
Oxygen
Nebulised adrenaline
Nebulised budesonide 
Intubation and ventilation

Question 10

What is the main cause of epiglottitis?

Answer 10

Haemophilus influenza B.

Question 11

How does epiglottitis present?

Answer 11

Unvaccinated child
fever
tripod position
drooling
stridor 
sitting forward
difficulty swallowing 
muffled voice 
septic 
looks unwell

Question 12

How is epiglottitis treated?

Answer 12

DONT stress the child (this can prompt closure of the epiglottis)
IV intubation if needed 
tracheostomy 
IV antibiotics (ceftriaxone)
steroids (dexamethasone).

Question 13

How many children experience side effects with antibiotics?

Answer 13

1/3rd - 1/2:
oral thrush
diarrhoea
nappy rash
allergic reaction
multi resistance

Question 14

What is the main treatment for almost all URTI?

Answer 14

antipyretics - paracetamol, ibuprofen.
sugary drink.
time.

Question 15

Why is otitis media mentioned as an URTI?

Answer 15

Because an URTI usually precedes before resulting in otitis media

Question 16

what is otitis media?

Answer 16

an infection of the middle ear.

Question 17

What is the most common cause of otitis media?

Answer 17

streptococcus pneumonia

Question 18

How does otitis media present?

Answer 18

Mainly - PAIN
reduced hearing
fever
cough
sore throat 
balance issues 
vertigo
Discharge (ruptured tympanic membrane)
Bulging red inflamed tympanic membrane

Question 19

What is the management for otitis media?

Answer 19

LEAVE - resolves within 3 days - 1 week.
Simple analgesia is best: paracetamol and ibuprofen.

1st line antibiotics (very rarely needed) - amoxicillin.

Question 20

What are the signs of a strep throat?

Answer 20

scarlet fever
pallor around mouth
temperature
poor energy

Question 21

What are the signs of tonsillitis?

Answer 21

sore throat
headache
pyrexia
lymph node swelling

Question 22

When should antibiotics be given for a sore throat?

Answer 22

If its strep throat 
Fever
Tonsillar exudates 
No cough
tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy

Question 23

What treatment is given for strep throat?

Answer 23

1st line - Phenocymethylpenicillin.

If penicillin allergic - Clarythromycin.

(7-10 days)

DO NOT GIVE AMOXICILLIN.

Question 24

How long does a sore throat last for?

Answer 24

2-3 days

Question 25

What are the complications of a sore throat?

Answer 25

Quinsy

Question 26

what are the signs of quinsy?

Answer 26

severe throat pain - lateralises to one side
deviation of the uvula to the unaffected side
trismus (difficulty opening the mouth)
reduced neck mobility

Question 27

What is the management of quinsy?

Answer 27

antibiotics and aspiration (surgical drainage no longer recommended)
tonsillectomy should be considered to prevent recurrence

Question 28

What is the most common bacterial cause of tonsillitis?

Answer 28

Streptococcus pyogenes.