Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exam - M - Paediatrics (Megan) > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

Foetal circulation Patent ductus arterioles Atrioventricular septal defect Coarctation of the aorta Pulmonary valve stenosis

1
Q

Which vessel does oxygenated blood travel through to the baby?

A

Umbilical vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which are the only 2 veins in the body to carry oxygenated blood?

A
  1. Pulmonary veins

2. Umbilical vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does the umbilical vein enter the foetal heart?

A

Via the ductus venosus in the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What enters the right atrium of the foetus?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the SVC.

Mixed blood from the IVC (oxygenated from the umbilical vein and deoxygenated from the rest of the body)>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what happens once blood is in the right atrium of the foetus?

A

Most of the blood goes through the foramen oval into the left atrium.
Some of the blood goes into the right ventricle and into the pulmonary arteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why does the right side of the heart have a higher pressure than the left side in the foetus?

A

Because there is vasoconstriction in the lungs due to them not needing a lot of oxygen.
This creates a back pressure in the pulmonary artery and back into the right side of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens to the blood that goes from the right atrium into the right ventricle?

A

It goes through the pulmonary artery (but not much blood is needed in the lungs) so most is passed via the ductus arteriosus into the aorta.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens to the blood that goes into the left atrium?

A

It goes into the left ventricle then into the aorta to supply the rest of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does the deoxygenated blood go to drop off carbon dioxide?

A

There is 2 umbilical arteries which arise from the internal iliac arteries which take deoxygenated blood back to the placenta.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what keeps the ductus arteriosus open in utero?

A

The placenta produces prostaglandins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does the left side of the heart reach a higher pressure than the right side after birth?

A

Air rushes into the lungs and causes vasodilation - this reduces the pressure going back into the pulmonary arteries and right side of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does the foramen oval close after birth?

A

Because there is a one way valve created by cardiac tissue which flows from right to left but once the left side of the heart is higher in pressure, the blood can’t flow from left to right.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do the different structures become after birth?

A

Ductus venosus - ligamentum venosus
Umbilical artery - superior vesicle arteries (supplying bladder)
Umbilical vein - round ligament of the liver
Ductus arteriosus - ligamentum arteriosum
Foramen ovale - fossa ovalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does the ductus arteriosus become the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

the oxygen + reduction in prostaglandins from the placenta - cause the vessel to constrict.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When should the ductus arteriosus stop working?

A

within the first 1-3days of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when should the ductus arteriosus close?

A

Within 2-3 weeks after birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are causes of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

A

preterm baby
maternal infection (rubella)
Genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are signs of a PDA?

A 
dyspnoea
poor feeding
poor weight gain
LRTI
Murmur (not always present)
Collapsing pulse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the pathophysiology of a PDA?

A

the pressure in the aorta is higher than in the pulmonary artery - creating a right to left shunt.
Increased pressure in the pulmonary vessels causes pulmonary hypertension and right sided ventricular hypertrophy.

You also get left ventricular hypertrophy.

20
Q

What is the typical murmur heart in a PDA?

A

1st heart sound is normal.

2nd heart sound - crescendo-decrescendo machinery sounding murmur.

21
Q

Which test confirms a PDA?

A

echocardiogram

22
Q

How is a PDA managed?

A

In term babies - high chance of closure within 1yr.

If persists after 1 yr: 
Prostaglandin inhibitors (ibuprofen or indomethacin) 
Fluid restriction 
Diuretics 
catheter or surgical procedure.
23
Q

What is an atrial septal defect?

A

When there is a hole in the septum between the two atrium allowing blood to flow between them.

24
Q

What type of shunt do you get in an atrial septal defect?

A

A left to right shunt:
increasing blood pressure on the right side of the heart causing right sided overload and right heart strain.
Causes RHF and pulmonary hypertension.

25
Q

What is an example of an atrial septal defect?

A

A patent foramen ovale.

26
Q

what are complications of an atrial septal defect?

A 
stroke 
atrial fibrillation
atrial flutter
RHF
pulmonary hypertension
27
Q

How does atrial septal defect cause a stroke?

A

usually after a DVT the clot will go through the right side of the heart and cause a PE.
If it gets from the right to the left side of the heart it can go up into the brain causing a stroke.

28
Q

What type of murmur is present in an atrial septal defect?

A

Mid systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur.

Heart loudest at the upper left sternal border.

29
Q

What is the management for atrial septal defects?

A

small and asymptomatic - watch and wait.
surgery - transvenous catheter closure via the femoral vein or open heart surgery.

Anticoagulants - aspirin, warfarin, NOACs.

30
Q

What is a ventricular septal defect?

A

A congenital hole in the septum between the two ventricles.

31
Q

What conditions often cause ventricular septal defects?

A

downs syndrome

Turners syndrome

32
Q

what is eidenmenger syndrome?

A

in an atrial or ventricular septal defect, the blood usually goes from the left to the right side of the heart.
BUT if the pressure in the right side gets too high then blood will go from the right to the left side - meaning it bypasses the lungs and is deoxygenated. Leading to cyanosis.

33
Q

What infection is common with ventricular septal defect?

A

infective endocarditis.

34
Q

What treatment is given for ventricular septal defect?

A

surgery - transvenous catheter or open heart surgery

prophylactic antibiotics during surgical procedures

35
Q

what is coarctation of the aorta?

A

a narrowing of the aorta usually around the ductus arteriosus

36
Q

What condition is associated with coarctation of the aorta?

A

Turners syndrome

37
Q

what is the presentation of coarctation of the aorta?

A 
weak femoral pulses
High BP in upper limbs and low BP in lower limbs
systolic murmur heard under left clavicle and scapula. 
tachypnoea
poor feeding
grey floppy baby 
Left ventricular heave 
underdeveloped left arm
underdeveloped legs.
38
Q

what is done for critical coarctation of the aorta?

A

prostaglandin E is given - to maintain a patent ductus arteriosus up until surgery to give some blood flow.

39
Q

what syndromes are associated with pulmonary valve stenosis?

A

noonans syndrome
tetralogy of fallot
williams syndrome

40
Q

How does a pulmonary valve stenosis present?

A 
Raised JVP
fatigue on exertion
SOB
dizziness 
fainting
often asymptomatic
ejection systolic murmur
palpable thrill
right ventricular heave
41
Q

What is the prognosis for aortic valve stenosis?

A

often gets worse over time.

42
Q

how are valve stenosis’ managed?

A 
balloon valvuloplasty (venous catheter) or open surgery. 
Valve replacement.
43
Q

what are the complications of aortic valve stenosis?

A 
heart failure
ventricular arrthymia 
bacterial endocarditis
sudden death (often on exertion)
left ventricular hypertrophy, dilatation and failure.
44
Q

what are the signs of aortic valve stenosis?

A 
Asymptomatic
fatigue
SOB
dizziness
fainting
ejection systolic murmur
palpable thrill
slow rising pulse 
narrow pulse pressure.
45
Q

What are the 4 problems in tetralogy of falot?

A

ventricular septal defect (VSD),
pulmonary stenosis,
a misplaced aorta
thickened right ventricular wall (right ventricular hypertrophy).

Exam - M - Paediatrics (Megan) (57 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions