Urinary System III

Question 1

The rate of urine formation is determined by the

Answer 1

Net pressure across glomerulus

Question 2

How can you calculate the net pressure across glomerulus?

Answer 2

Outward pressure - inward pressure

Question 3

Filtration happens only in the

Answer 3

Renal corpuscle

Question 4

Reabsorption is the process by which

Answer 4

Solutes (glucose, ions, AA) and water get moved out, making way back into capillaries

Question 5

The amount of reabsorption depends on

Answer 5

The endocrine system

Question 6

What are the two pathways of Reabsorption?

Answer 6

• Transcellular

- Paracellular

Question 7

The Transcellular pathway is one in which

Answer 7

Water and solutes move across the membrane of the cell, making their way through and being transported out into the interstitial space

Question 8

The components of the Transcellular pathway make their way into the

Answer 8

Peritubular capillary

Question 9

The Paracellular pathway is one in which

Answer 9

Water or solutes leak out in between cells (due to leaky tight junctions)

Question 10

Reabsorption moves material from the

Answer 10

Lumen into the capillaries

Question 11

Most of the reabsorption happens in the

Answer 11

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 12

The end of the nephron loops always have

Answer 12

Aquaporins

Question 13

Filtrate moves from the proximal loop to the

Answer 13

Nephron Loop

Question 14

The Descending loop of the Nephron is

Answer 14

Permeable to water but not solutes

Question 15

The Descending loop has

Answer 15

Aquaporins across its length

Question 16

The solute gradient found in the medulla of the kidney allows for water to

Answer 16

Leave by osmosis out of tubule

Question 17

As filtrate moves down the descending limb, water moves

Answer 17

Out of the tubule via osmosis

Question 18

As the filtrate moves down into the medulla, what happens?

Answer 18

More water will leave tubule

Question 19

More water will leave tubule due to

Answer 19

The interstitial fluid getting saltier and saltier

Question 20

The Ascending loop of the Nephron is

Answer 20

Not permeable to water but is permeable to solutes

Question 21

What kind of transport is found in the Ascending loop?

Answer 21

Passive + Active transport of sodium and chloride

Question 22

What moves stuff out of the lumen and into the interstitial space in the Ascending loop?

Answer 22

Sodium Pot pumps

Question 23

What drives the concentration gradient in the medulla?

Answer 23

The Sodium Pot pumps

Question 24

What happens as you move down medulla?

Answer 24

The solute concentration increases

Question 25

Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule is

Answer 25

Isometric

Question 26

By the time filtrate reaches distal convoluted tubule, it is

Answer 26

Hypotonic / Diluted

Question 27

Nephron loop reabsorbs water in the

Answer 27

Descending loop

Question 28

Nephron loop reabsorbs solutes in the

Answer 28

Ascending loop

Question 29

Reabsorption in distal tube and collecting duct is based on

Answer 29

What the body needs

Question 30

What determines what happens with filtrate when it reaches collecting duct?

Answer 30

Hormonal controls

Question 31

Antidiuretic hormone works

Answer 31

Against urine formation

Question 32

What is the function of the Antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 32

It causes body to make less urine by facilitating reabsorption of water

Question 33

How does the Antidiuretic hormone work?

Answer 33

It inserts aquaporins into collecting duct, taking more water from the diluted filtrate

Question 34

What happens if the Antidiuretic hormone is released?

Answer 34

Body will reabsorb more water

Question 35

If body does not need more water, then there will be an absence of

Answer 35

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 36

What happens to the collecting duct during the absence of the Antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 36

It will be impermeable to water

Question 37

Alabastron is hormone produced by the

Answer 37

Adrenal glands

Question 38

Alabastron promotes the reabsorption of

Answer 38

Sodium, promoting reabsorption of water

Question 39

Alabastron promotes the secretion of

Answer 39

K+ ions and reabsorption of Na+

Question 40

Tubular Secretion is the process by which

Answer 40

The body adds things to filtrate

Question 41

Majority of secretion happens in the

Answer 41

Proximal convoluted tube

Question 42

Regulation of urine concentration and volume is done via

Answer 42

Countercurrent Mechanisms

Question 43

How does fluid flow in the Nephron Loop?

Answer 43

In opposite directions with positive feedback

Question 44

How does water move as loop descends?

Answer 44

Passively

Question 45

Initially in the ascending loop, Sodium and Cl move

Answer 45

Passively

Question 46

20% of oxygen we get goes to our

Answer 46

Kidneys

Question 47

The Vasa Recta are the

Answer 47

Capillary beds running next to nephron loops

Question 48

The Vasa Recta is permeable to

Answer 48

Water and solutes, preserving the gradient of the nephron

Question 49

What happens if you are well-hydrated?

Answer 49

Sensors in hypothalamus do not produce many Antidiuretic hormones

Question 50

What happens if you are dehydrated?

Answer 50

Sensors in hypothalamus produce many Antidiuretic hormones

Question 51

The ability to fine tune urine based on environment is all due to the

Answer 51

Actions of the Na/K pumps in ascending loop

Question 52

How much of urine is water?

Answer 52

95%

Question 53

The smell of urine is due to its

Answer 53

Interaction with bacteria

Question 54

The Urinary Bladder is lined by

Answer 54

Mucus Membrane / Smooth Muscle

Question 55

What kind of cells are found in the Urinary Bladder?

Answer 55

Transitional epithelium cells

Question 56

The internal urethral sphincter is

Answer 56

Involuntary / has smooth muscle

Question 57

The external urethral sphincter is

Answer 57

Voluntary

Question 58

In males, the urethra is surrounded by

Answer 58

Erectile Tissue

Question 59

Micturition / Urination is under the control of the

Answer 59

Nervous system

Question 60

The stretching of the urinary bladder is what

Answer 60

Sends signal to the brain to pee