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Anatomy > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two categories of Innate Defenses?

A
  • Surface Barriers

- Internal Defenses

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2
Q

What are the two types of Surface Barriers?

A
  • Skin

- Mucus Membrane

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3
Q

What are the three types of Internal Defenses?

A
  • Cells
  • Chemicals
  • Physiological Responses
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4
Q

What are the two categories of Adaptive Defenses?

A
  • Humoral Immunity

- Cellular Immunity

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5
Q

Humoral Immunity consists of

A

B cells

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6
Q

Cellular Immunity consists of

A

T cells

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7
Q

The first line of defense is the

A

Innate System

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8
Q

What kind of barriers does the skin form?

A
  • Physical
  • Chemical
  • Biological
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9
Q

How does skin form a physical barrier?

A

Its stratified squamous epithelium creates a physical barrier

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10
Q

How does skin form a chemical barrier?

A

It has secretions of sweat and sebaceous glands

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11
Q

How does skin form a biological barrier?

A

It has dendritic cells and microflora

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12
Q

The respiratory system has modifications to

A

Stop pathogens

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13
Q

What are the modifications of the respiratory system?

A
  • Mucus-coated hairs in nose
  • Cilia of upper respiratory tract
  • coughing/sneezing
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14
Q

What are the nonspecific cells of the adaptive immune system?

A
  • Phagocytes
  • Natural Killer Cells
  • Eosinophils
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15
Q

What are Phagocytes?

A

WBCs that ingest and digest foreign invaders

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16
Q

What are examples of Phagocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
17
Q

What are Natural Killer Cells?

A

Non-phagocytic lymphocytes that patrol blood and lymph

18
Q

What is the function of Natural Killer Cells?

A

They eliminate virus and bacteria-infected cells, along with tumor cells

19
Q

Natural Killer Cells initiate apoptosis, how?

A

They release cytotoxic chemicals like perforin and granzymes

20
Q

Eosinophils are nonspecific cells that respond to

A

Parasitic infections

21
Q

Antimicrobial proteins / chemicals are innate defenses which

A

Attack microorganisms directly or hinder their ability to reproduce

22
Q

What are two types of antimicrobial proteins?

A
  • Interferons

- Complement proteins

23
Q

Inflammation is an innate physiological response in which there is

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain

24
Q

During tissue injury, what are released?

A

Chemical signals (like histamine)

25
Q

What happens when there is tissue injury?

A

Dilation and increased leakiness are in the blood vessels and phagocytes migrate to the area

26
Q

The tissue heals around the same time

A

Phagocytes consume bacteria and cell debris

27
Q

During a fever, the leukocytes and macrophages exposed will secrete

A

Pyrogens

28
Q

Pyrogen’s interact with the body’s

A

Hypothalamus, raising body temperature

29
Q

What are the two forms of Humoral Immunity?

A
  • Active

- Passive

30
Q

What is naturally acquired Active Humoral Immunity?

A

Immunity is gained due to contact with either an infection or with a pathogen

31
Q

What is artifically acquired Active Humoral Immunity?

A

Immunity is gained due to a vaccine

32
Q

What is naturally acquired Passive Humoral Immunity?

A

Antibodies passed from mother to baby either via placenta or breastfeeding

33
Q

What is artificially acquired Passive Humoral Immunity?

A

Babies receive an injection of antibodies (not vaccine)

34
Q

T–lymphocytes act against

A

Target Cells

35
Q

How do T-cells directly attack target cells?

A

They kill these infected cells

36
Q

How do T-cells indirectly attack target cells?

A
  • They release chemicals which enhance inflammatory response

- They activate other lymphocytes or macrophages

Anatomy (46 decks)

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