Digestive System II Flashcards by Deleted Deleted

What is the function of the secreted HCl by the Parietal Cells?

Denatures proteins, activates pepsin, breaks plant cell walls and kills bacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the secreted Intrinsic Factors by the Parietal Cells?

Glycoproteins required for absorption of Vitamin B12 in small intestine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chief Cells produce

Pepsinogen (inactive pepsin) and lipases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pepsinogen is activated by

- Pepsin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of the Lipases in the stomach?

They digest 15% of lipids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do the Enteroendocrine Cells of the Mucosa layer do?

Release hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gastrin is a hormone released by the stomach that

Causes increase in gastric secretions and increases motility / extent to which stomach muscles contract

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What protects the stomach from its own stomach acid?

Thick layer of bicarbonate-rich mucus
Mucosal barrier
Tight junctions between epithelial cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The lining of stomach replaces itself every

3-6 days

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ulcers in stomach and duodenum are caused by

H Pylori

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does H Pylori cause ulcers?

Bacteria damages epithelial cells, decreasing production of mucus and increasing likelihood of ulcers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gastric Emptying is when the stomach

Undergoes peristalsis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens during Gastric Emptying?

Chyme is pushed towards pyloric valve and then into the duodenum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alcohol can get absorbed via

Stomach

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most nutrients are absorbed in the

Small Intestine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most of the chemical digestion occurs in the

Small Intestine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the Accessory Organs of the Lower Intestinal Tract?

Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of the Liver?

It produces Bile

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of the Bile?

It emulsifies lipids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bile travels to the duodenum via

Hepatic ducts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bile gets stored in

Gallbladder

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Pancreas has both an endocrine and exocrine function. Describe both:

Endocrine: Produce insulin and glucagon

- Exocrine: Produces digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of insulin and glucagon?

They handle blood sugar levels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of the Gallbladder?

It stores and concentrates bile

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Compared to the stomach, the small intestine tract lacks

Modifications to protect itself from acidic environment

The Duodenum is the uppermost region of the Small Intestine and is where

Chyme gets mixed with the secretions of liver (bile), gallbladder, and pancreas (pancreatic juice)

The Jejunum is the second region of the Small Intestine and is where

Most of chemical digestion and absorption takes place

The Ileum is the region of the Small Intestine that

Connects to the Large Intestine

What increases the Surface Area in the Small Intestine?

- Circular Folds - Villi - Motility

What is the function of the SI's Circular Folds?

- Slows down how quickly food moves through the small intestine - Insures that as chyme moves down, it spirals around and comes in contact with the lining

The Villi of the Small Intestine are

Fingerlike projections that come off circular folds

Each Villi contains

- Epithelial cells, which produce Mucus - Networks of capillaries - Lacteals, which absorb lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins - Microvilli

Segmentation in the SI occurs when there is

Contraction and relaxation in nonadjacent areas of small intestine

Segmentation is the most prevalent in

Duodenum

Compared to Segmentation, Peristalsis is

Sequential contraction and relaxation

How long does it take for food to make way through small intestine to large intestine?

12 hours

Gallstones can form

Calcium deposits, bile salts, or cholesterol in the gallbladder

What happens when a gallstone plugs a duct?

There is inflammation and get gallbladder removed

What is the function of the Large Intestine?

It absorbs vitamins that have been produced by activity of gut microbiome and water and reclaims water of the chyme

The Ileocecal Valve is the valve that allows for

Waste to move from SI to LI

What are the Haustrum of the Large Intestine?

Bulges found along the length

The Tenia Coli of the Large Intestine are what give

Tone to the LI and responsible for pouching

Epiploic Appendages are the

Globs of fat found on the LI

The Secum is the

Last part of the small intestine runs into the larger one

The Secum has the Appendix, which is the

Storehouse of bacteria that populate Large Intestine

The Sigmoid Colon is what

Runs into the anal canal

The anal canal is lined with

Stratified squamous epithelial cells

The External Anal Sphincter is made of

Skeletal muscle

The Internal Anal Sphincter is made of

Smooth muscle

Appendicitis is the

Inflammation in the appendix

Diverticulosis is a condition that forms

Little pockets in LI

The Bacterial Flora enters the LI via

SI or the anus

What is the function of the Bacterial Flora in the LI?

Synthesizing of vitamins, ferment carbohydrates, and release irritating acids and gases

Gut bacteria can be influenced by

- Antibiotics - Stress - Environment - Age - Diet

What are the means of motility of the Large Intestine?

- Haustral Contractions | - Gastrocolic Reflex

What are the Haustral Contractions of the LI?

Contractions of individual pouches

What is the Gastrocolic Reflex of the LI?

Activates peristaltic waves which will move material from LI to rectum

The Gastrocolic Reflex is initiated by

Presence of food in stomach

Diarrhea is when

Food moves too quickly through LI, so water does not get absorbed

Constipation is when

Fecal matter moves too slowly through LI, so stool is dry and compact

Essential Nutrients are the

Substances that we need in diet to survive

Digesting Carbs begins in the oral cavity with

Salivary Amylase

Salivary Amylase can be inactivated by the

Low pH of the stomach

How are carbs further digested in the SI?

Via Pancreatic Amylase or by the microvilli and its brush-border enzymes

The Pancreatic Amylase is responsible for

Breaking down complex sugar molecules

The Lingual Lipase of the Salivary glands is not activated until

Food hits stomach

Lingual Lipase is produced in mouth but

Activated in stomach

What does the stomach produce to start digestion in stomach?

Gastric lipase

SI breaks down most of lipids due to

Pancreatic lipase

What is necessary in order for Pancreatic lipase to break most of the lipids?

Lipid emulsification via Bile

Bile has bile salts, which

Emulsify salts

How do Bile salts emulsify salts?

They attach to fat blobs and break them up into micelles

How do fat soluble vitamins enter the bloodstream?

They get packaged and make their way to the lacteals in the villi

Pepsin is activated in the stomach via

HCl

Proteins get digested in the

SI via proteases and stomach acid

About 9L of water enters our

How much water is absorbed by the SI and LI?

- 8L in SI | - 0.8L in LI

Electrolytes are absorbed by

The SI

Excess electrolytes are secreted via

The urine

Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed through

Diffusion and active transport