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Anatomy > Digestive System II > Flashcards

Digestive System II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the secreted HCl by the Parietal Cells?

A

Denatures proteins, activates pepsin, breaks plant cell walls and kills bacteria

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2
Q

What are the secreted Intrinsic Factors by the Parietal Cells?

A

Glycoproteins required for absorption of Vitamin B12 in small intestine

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3
Q

Chief Cells produce

A

Pepsinogen (inactive pepsin) and lipases

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4
Q

Pepsinogen is activated by

A
  • HCl

- Pepsin

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5
Q

What is the function of the Lipases in the stomach?

A

They digest 15% of lipids

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6
Q

What do the Enteroendocrine Cells of the Mucosa layer do?

A

Release hormones

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7
Q

Gastrin is a hormone released by the stomach that

A

Causes increase in gastric secretions and increases motility / extent to which stomach muscles contract

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8
Q

What protects the stomach from its own stomach acid?

A
  • Thick layer of bicarbonate-rich mucus
  • Mucosal barrier
  • Tight junctions between epithelial cells
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9
Q

The lining of stomach replaces itself every

A

3-6 days

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10
Q

Ulcers in stomach and duodenum are caused by

A

H Pylori

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11
Q

How does H Pylori cause ulcers?

A

Bacteria damages epithelial cells, decreasing production of mucus and increasing likelihood of ulcers

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12
Q

Gastric Emptying is when the stomach

A

Undergoes peristalsis

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13
Q

What happens during Gastric Emptying?

A

Chyme is pushed towards pyloric valve and then into the duodenum

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14
Q

Alcohol can get absorbed via

A

Stomach

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15
Q

Most nutrients are absorbed in the

A

Small Intestine

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16
Q

Most of the chemical digestion occurs in the

A

Small Intestine

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17
Q

What are the Accessory Organs of the Lower Intestinal Tract?

A

Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder

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18
Q

What is the function of the Liver?

A

It produces Bile

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19
Q

What is the function of the Bile?

A

It emulsifies lipids

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20
Q

Bile travels to the duodenum via

A

Hepatic ducts

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21
Q

Bile gets stored in

A

Gallbladder

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22
Q

The Pancreas has both an endocrine and exocrine function. Describe both:

A
  • Endocrine: Produce insulin and glucagon

- Exocrine: Produces digestive enzymes

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23
Q

What is the function of insulin and glucagon?

A

They handle blood sugar levels

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24
Q

What is the function of the Gallbladder?

A

It stores and concentrates bile

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25
Q

Compared to the stomach, the small intestine tract lacks

A

Modifications to protect itself from acidic environment

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26
Q

The Duodenum is the uppermost region of the Small Intestine and is where

A

Chyme gets mixed with the secretions of liver (bile), gallbladder, and pancreas (pancreatic juice)

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27
Q

The Jejunum is the second region of the Small Intestine and is where

A

Most of chemical digestion and absorption takes place

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28
Q

The Ileum is the region of the Small Intestine that

A

Connects to the Large Intestine

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29
Q

What increases the Surface Area in the Small Intestine?

A
  • Circular Folds
  • Villi
  • Motility
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30
Q

What is the function of the SI’s Circular Folds?

A
  • Slows down how quickly food moves through the small intestine
  • Insures that as chyme moves down, it spirals around and comes in contact with the lining
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31
Q

The Villi of the Small Intestine are

A

Fingerlike projections that come off circular folds

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32
Q

Each Villi contains

A
  • Epithelial cells, which produce Mucus
  • Networks of capillaries
  • Lacteals, which absorb lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins
  • Microvilli
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33
Q

Segmentation in the SI occurs when there is

A

Contraction and relaxation in nonadjacent areas of small intestine

34
Q

Segmentation is the most prevalent in

A

Duodenum

35
Q

Compared to Segmentation, Peristalsis is

A

Sequential contraction and relaxation

36
Q

How long does it take for food to make way through small intestine to large intestine?

A

12 hours

37
Q

Gallstones can form

A

Calcium deposits, bile salts, or cholesterol in the gallbladder

38
Q

What happens when a gallstone plugs a duct?

A

There is inflammation and get gallbladder removed

39
Q

What is the function of the Large Intestine?

A

It absorbs vitamins that have been produced by activity of gut microbiome and water and reclaims water of the chyme

40
Q

The Ileocecal Valve is the valve that allows for

A

Waste to move from SI to LI

41
Q

What are the Haustrum of the Large Intestine?

A

Bulges found along the length

42
Q

The Tenia Coli of the Large Intestine are what give

A

Tone to the LI and responsible for pouching

43
Q

Epiploic Appendages are the

A

Globs of fat found on the LI

44
Q

The Secum is the

A

Last part of the small intestine runs into the larger one

45
Q

The Secum has the Appendix, which is the

A

Storehouse of bacteria that populate Large Intestine

46
Q

The Sigmoid Colon is what

A

Runs into the anal canal

47
Q

The anal canal is lined with

A

Stratified squamous epithelial cells

48
Q

The External Anal Sphincter is made of

A

Skeletal muscle

49
Q

The Internal Anal Sphincter is made of

A

Smooth muscle

50
Q

Appendicitis is the

A

Inflammation in the appendix

51
Q

Diverticulosis is a condition that forms

A

Little pockets in LI

52
Q

The Bacterial Flora enters the LI via

A

SI or the anus

53
Q

What is the function of the Bacterial Flora in the LI?

A

Synthesizing of vitamins, ferment carbohydrates, and release irritating acids and gases

54
Q

Gut bacteria can be influenced by

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Stress
  • Environment
  • Age
  • Diet
55
Q

What are the means of motility of the Large Intestine?

A
  • Haustral Contractions

- Gastrocolic Reflex

56
Q

What are the Haustral Contractions of the LI?

A

Contractions of individual pouches

57
Q

What is the Gastrocolic Reflex of the LI?

A

Activates peristaltic waves which will move material from LI to rectum

58
Q

The Gastrocolic Reflex is initiated by

A

Presence of food in stomach

59
Q

Diarrhea is when

A

Food moves too quickly through LI, so water does not get absorbed

60
Q

Constipation is when

A

Fecal matter moves too slowly through LI, so stool is dry and compact

61
Q

Essential Nutrients are the

A

Substances that we need in diet to survive

62
Q

Digesting Carbs begins in the oral cavity with

A

Salivary Amylase

63
Q

Salivary Amylase can be inactivated by the

A

Low pH of the stomach

64
Q

How are carbs further digested in the SI?

A

Via Pancreatic Amylase or by the microvilli and its brush-border enzymes

65
Q

The Pancreatic Amylase is responsible for

A

Breaking down complex sugar molecules

66
Q

The Lingual Lipase of the Salivary glands is not activated until

A

Food hits stomach

67
Q

Lingual Lipase is produced in mouth but

A

Activated in stomach

68
Q

What does the stomach produce to start digestion in stomach?

A

Gastric lipase

69
Q

SI breaks down most of lipids due to

A

Pancreatic lipase

70
Q

What is necessary in order for Pancreatic lipase to break most of the lipids?

A

Lipid emulsification via Bile

71
Q

Bile has bile salts, which

A

Emulsify salts

72
Q

How do Bile salts emulsify salts?

A

They attach to fat blobs and break them up into micelles

73
Q

How do fat soluble vitamins enter the bloodstream?

A

They get packaged and make their way to the lacteals in the villi

74
Q

Pepsin is activated in the stomach via

A

HCl

75
Q

Proteins get digested in the

A

SI via proteases and stomach acid

76
Q

About 9L of water enters our

A

SI

77
Q

How much water is absorbed by the SI and LI?

A
  • 8L in SI

- 0.8L in LI

78
Q

Electrolytes are absorbed by

A

The SI

79
Q

Excess electrolytes are secreted via

A

The urine

80
Q

Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed through

A

Diffusion and active transport

Anatomy (46 decks)

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