Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet1 Flashcards
Alfred Anderson, a World War I veteran was apparently the last survivor of what?
the famous Christmas truce of 1914, when British and German soldiers, enemies on the battlefield of that war, briefly mingled, exchanged gifts, etc.
What did Otto Von Bismarck what Germany to seek?
its “place in the sun”
After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, what had generally maintained the peace among Europe’s major countries?
a fragile and fluctuating balance of power
Who was apart of the Triple Alliance?
Germany, Italy, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Who was apart of the Triple Entente?
Russia, France, and Britain
On June 28, 1914, what person, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, did a Serbian nationalist assassinate?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
What was one factor that contributed to the eruption of World War I?
the mounting popular nationalism, slavic nationalism and Austro-Hungarian opposition to it
Another factor that contributed to war was the rulers of the major countries of Europe who saw the world as what?
As an arena of conflict and competition among rival nation-states, where they competed intensely for colonies, influence, and superiority
What were British women encouraged to present to men not in uniform, thus affirming a warrior understanding of masculinity?
a white feather, a symbol of cowardice
What also contributed to the outbreak of war was __________ ___________. Europe’s armed rivalries had long ensured that military men enjoyed great social prestige.
industrialized militarism
What did Britain rely on to staff their armies?
conscription (compulsory military service)
The rapid industrialization of warfare had generated an array of what military weapons?
submarines, tanks, (Red Baron, Snoopy)airplanes, poison gas (phosgene), machine guns, artillery and cannons(shell shock) and barbed wire
What battles in France lasted months and generated casualties of a million or more each?
Verdun and Somme
What German veteran wrote, “All Quiet on the Western Front?”
Erich Maria Remarque
After the war, many veterans had a hard time adjusting to civilian life because of what?
post-traumatic stress
French authorities proclaimed what new holiday, designed to encourage childbearing and thus replace the millions lost in the war?
Mother’s Day
Young middle-class women called what began to flout convention by smoking, dancing, appearing at nightclubs, drinking hard liquor, cutting their hair short, revealing clothing, etc.?
flappers
What music genre came from America and found popularity in Europe and who was the most famous singer in this genre?
American Jazz with Louis Armstrong(Satchmo) as the most popular
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia as well as other newly independent nations were based on what principle?
national self-determination - a concept championed by Woodrow Wilson
In Russia, the strains of war triggered a vast revolutionary upheaval that brought who to power in 1917 and took Russia out of the war?
Bolsheviks
What formally concluded the Great War in 1919, proved in retrospect to have established conditions that contributed to a second world war?
the Treaty of Versailles
In the Treaty of Versailles what did it state for Germany?
loss of its colonial empire and 15 percent of its European territory, heavy reparations to the winners, and accept sole responsibility for the outbreak of the war
What person in Germany led to get vengeance for the embarrassment in the previous war?
Adolf Hitler
Who stated, “After all, who remembers the Armenians.”
Adolf Hitler talking about the Armenian Genocide
American president Woodrow Wilson arrived in Paris for the peace conference in 1919, and stated his famous what which seemed to herald a new kind of international life, one based on moral principles?
Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points appealing to many was his idea for what?
the League of Nations, a new international peacekeeping organization committed to the principle of “collective security”
What day did the American stock market initially crash, in addition how many Wall Street financiers committed suicide?
October 24, 1929; eleven
After the American stock market crashed how much did world trade drop by?
62 percent
Unemployment soared everywhere, and in both Germany and the United States it reached what percentage or more by 1932?
30 percent
Why did the stock market crash?
by the end of the 1920s, American farms and factories were producing more goods than could be sold meaning that people could not afford to buy the products that American factories were churning out
What is another name referring to the Stock Market in late 1929?
the “bubble” bursting
What countries or colonies were hit the hardest by the stock market crash in America?
ones tied to exporting one or two products were hit hard
What did import substitution industrialization policies hope to achieve?
greater economic independence by manufacturing for the domestic market goods that had previously been imported (Brazil)
In Brazil the Depression discredited the established export elites such as coffee growers and led to the dictatorship of who supported by the military?
Getulio Vargas
Depression opened the way to a revival of the principles of the Mexican Revolution under the leadership of who, where he pushed land reform and favored Mexican workers and nationalized an oil industry?
Lazaro Cardenas
IN the Soviet Union how was unemployment in the 1930s?
generated an impressive economic growth with almost no unemployment even as the capitalist world was reeling
How did the United States respond to the Great Depression?
President Franklin Rosevelt’s New Deal - an experimental combination of reforms seeking to restart economic growth and prevent similar calamities in the future
Who argued that government actions and spending programs could moderate the recessions and depressions to which capitalist economies were prone?
John Maynard Keynes
What were the New Deal’s long-term reforms?
Social Security system, minimum wage, and various relief and welfare programs
In the 1920s and 1930s however, the challenge to the victors of the Great War came from highly authoritarian, intensely nationalistic, territorially aggressive, and ferociously anti communist regimes from where?
Italy, Germany, and Japan (Axis Powers)(Fascism)
What did Fascists condemn?
individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism
Where did the fascist alternative first take shape?
Italy
Who was a charismatic orator and former journalist with socialist background and with the help of a private army of veterans and jobless men known as Black Shirts, swept to power in Italy in 1922?
Benito Mussolini
What symbolized the movement of the fascists?
fasces, a bundle of birch rods bound together around an axe
German expression of fascism took shape as the Nazi Party under the leadership of what person?
Adolf Hitler
Mussolini embraced the Catholic culture of Italy in a series of agreements with the Church known as what?
the Lateran Accords of 1929 - which made the Vatican a sovereign state and Catholicism Italy’s national religion
Nationalists were delighted when Italy invaded who in 1935 at Abyssinia, avenging the embarrassing defeat that Italians suffered at the hands of them in 1896, Adowa?
Ethiopia
In Mussolini’s Italy what took shape in which workers, employers, and various professional groups were organized into them and were supposed to settle their disagreements under the supervision of the state?
corporate state
After World War I, the German imperial government collapsed and what new government came to power and worked to negotiate a peace settlement with the victorious allies?
Weimar Republic
In postwar Italy, political leaders faced considerable hostility from Paramilitary groups of veterans known as what who assassinated hundreds of supporters of the Weimar regime?
Freikorps
What played a role in the rise of the Nazis, which occured around the 1930s?
the Great Depression and ruinous inflation which ruined the Weimar Republic
Adolf Hitler’s National Socialist, or Nazi, Party gained growing public support, and in the wake of the Depression, the Nazis attracted what percentage of the vote?
37 percent
In 1933, Hitler was legally installed as what of the German government, thus the Weimar Republic gave way to the Third Reich?
chancellor
Hitler working to get Germany out of the depression drove down the number of unemployed Germans from 6.2 million in 1932 to fewer than what in 1937?
500,000
In what book, written by Hitler, he outlined his case against the Jews and his call for the racial purification of Germany in vitriolic terms?
Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
How did the Nazi program differ from the one in Italy?
a program of anti-Semitism which persecuted the Jews
What law from Hitler in 1935, ended German citizenship for Jews and forbade marriage or sexual relations between Jews and Germans?
Nuremberg Laws
On the night of November 9, 1938, known as what, persecution gave way to terror when Nazis smashed and looted Jewish shops?
Kristallnacht
What did Nazis want for women?
wanted to limit women largely to the home, removing them from the paid workforce
What did fascist regimes in both Italy and Germany generally opposed what to produce more children for the state?
abortion, contraception, family planning, and sex education, all of which associated with feminist thinking
In Nazi rule, Hitler was the mystical leader, known as what, a mesmerizing orator who would lead Germany to national greatness?
the Fuhrer
How was Japan’s fascism different from that of Italy and Germany?
the lacked a charismatic leader and were not as murderous to their opponents
