Chapter 12 Flashcards
What view did Winona LaDuke, president of the Indigenous Women’s network, think about Christopher Columbus on the 500th anniversary of his arrival?
Columbus was a perpetrator of genocide…, a slave trader, a thief, a pirate, and most certainly not a hero
What Central Asian Turkic warrior launched the last major pastoral invasion of adjacent civilizations?
Timur
What areas still hosted gathering and hunting societies, known as Paleolithic people?
All of Australia, much of Siberia, the arctic coastlands, and parts of Africa and the Americas fell into this category
In Australia how many separate groups still practiced a gathering and hunting way of life in the fifteenth century?
250 of them
What material items or cultural practices from outsiders did Australian gathering and hunting peoples learn?
outrigger canoes, fishhooks, complex netting techniques, artistic styles, rituals, and mythological ideas
Where was the presence of farmers located but never reached the Australian mainland?
New Guinea
Australia’s people had mastered and manipulated their environment with the practice of what?
firestick farming,’ a pattern of deliberately set fires, which they described as cleaning up the country.”
What did “firestick farming” in Australia serve to do?
The controlled burns served to clear the underbrush, thus making hunting easier and encouraging the growth of certain plant and animals species
How did native Australians interact with each other?
they exchanged goods over hundreds of miles, created elaborate mythologies and ritual practices, and developed sophisticated traditions of sculpture and rock paintings
In the fifteenth century along the northwest coast of north America among who did Paleolithic people flourish?
Chinookan, Tulalip, Skagit, and other peoples
How many different edible animal species did the northwest coast of North America have along with an abundance of salmon and other fish?
300
The extraordinarily bounteous enviornment in northwest coast of North America provided the foundation for what scholars call what?
complex or “affluent” gather and hunting cultures
What distinguished the nortwest coast peoples from those of Australia?
Were permanent village settlements with large and sturdy houses, considerable economic specialization, ranked societies that sometimes included slavery, chiefdoms dominated by powerful clan leaders or “big men,” and extensive storage of food
Where did full agricultural people who avoided incorporation into larger empires or civilization predominated where?
Organized in kinship relations, such people predominated during the fifteenth century in much of North America; in most of the tropical lowlands of South America and the Caribbean; in parts of the Amazon River basin, southeast Asia, and Africa south of the equator; and throughout the Pacific Oceania
What peoples lands lay East of the Niger River in the heavily forested region of West Africa?
the Igbo people
Who were the neighbors of the Igbo people who by the fiteenth century, had begun to develop small states and urban centers?
Yoruba and Bini
What did the Igbo boast on occasion?
the Igbo have no kings.
What did the Igbo people rely on?
relied on other institutions to maintain social cohesion beyond the level of the village
Who described the Igbo peoples as a “stateless society?”
Chinua Achebe
In what book did Chinua Achebe famously describe the Igbo people as a “stateless society?”
Things Fall Apart, which is the most widely read novel to emerge from twentieth century Africa
Who did the Igbo people trade actively with?
themselves and with more distant peoples such as the large African kingdom of Songhay, far to the north.
What Igbo goods drew neighboring peoples into networks of exchange?
cotton cloth, fish, copper and iron goods, decorative objects and more
Common artistic traditions reflected a measure of cultural unity in the Igbo people, and all fo these peoples seem to have changed from a matrilineal to what kind of system of tracing their descent?
patrilineal system
Across the Atlantic in now what, other agricultural village societies were also in the process of substantial change preceding their incorporation into European trading networks and empires?
New York State
The Iroquois-speaking peoples of the central New York State adopted what techniques?
adopted maize and bean farming techniques that had originated centuries earlier in Mesoamerica
Igbo Art widely known for their masks, they were also among the first to produce bronze castings using what method?
the “lost wax” method
The increased level of conflict among the Iroquois peoples triggered around the fifteenth century what?
a loose alliance or confederation among five Iroquois-speaking peoples - the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca
