Chapter 15 Part 2 Flashcards
What are common African forms of religious revelation which found a place in the Africanized versions of Christianity that emerged in the New World?
divination, dream interpretation, visions, spirit possession
How did Europeans frequently perceive the African practices?
as evidence of sorcery, witchcraft, or even devil worship
What syncretic religions were in Haiti, Cuba, and in Brazil?
Vodou in Haiti, Santeria in Cuba, and Candomble and Macumba in Brazil
What did the spread of Islam depend on?
on wandering Muslim holy men or Sufis, Islamic scholars, and itinerant traders
During the 17th century, in what Muslim sultanate on the northern tip of Sumatra, authorities sought to enforce the dietary codes and almsgiving practices of Islamic law?
Aceh
Where did numerous women serve in royal courts and throughout Indonesia women continued to be buyers and sellers in local markets?
Muslim Java
In India, ruled by the Muslim Mughal Empire, religious resistance to official policies that accommodated Hindus found concrete expression during the reign of what emperor?
emperor Aurangzeb
A movement during the mid-18th century used to renew Islamic movement in Arabia, was originated in the teachings of what Islamic scholar?
Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab
What movement took a new turn in 1740s when it received the political backing of Muhammad Ibn Saud, a local ruller who found al-Wahhab’s ideas compelling?
The Wahhabi movement
What did Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab argue?
that the difficulties of the Islamic world were because of deviations from the pure faith of Islam. He was most upset by common religious practices in central Arabia that seemed to him idolatry - the widespread veneration of Sufi saints and their tombs
With Ibn Saud’s support, the Wahhabi religious movement became an expansive state in central Arabia, with what happening?
offending tombs were razed; “idols” were eliminated; books on logic were destroyed; the use of tobacco, hashish, and musical instruments was forbidden; and certain taxes not authorized by religious teaching were abolished
What rights did Al-Wahhab outline for women within a patriarchal Islamic framework?
The right to consent to and stipulate conditions for a marriage, to control her dowry, to divorce, and to engage in commerce
By the 19 century, the new reformist state encompassed much of central Arabia, with Mecca, and came under who’s control?
under Wahhabi control in 1803
China during the Ming and Qing dynasties continued to operate broadly within a Confucian framework, enriched now by the insights of Buddhism and Daoism to generate a system of thought called what?
Neo-Confucianism
During the late Ming times the influential thinker Wang Yangming argued what?
that “intuitive moral knowledge exists in people…even robbers know that they should not rob.”
What was the movement in Chinese elite culture that intended to “seek truth from facts,” and was critical of the unfounded speculation of conventional Confucian philosophy and instead emphasized the importance of verification, percision, accuracy, and rigorous analysis in all fields of inquiry?
kaozheng, or “research based on evidence.”
What allowed a larger public to participate in this favorite Chinese art form?
how-to painting manuals
What was the most famous novel in the mid-18th century in China by Cao Xueqin, which contained 120 chapters and some 400 characters, most of them women?
The Dream of the Red Chamber - it explored the social life of an eighteenth-century elite family with connections to the Chinese court
The Mughal ruler Akbar formulated a state cult that combined what?
combined elements of Islam, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism
Intended to bring the Hindu tradition into Islamic Sufi practice, what book, portrayed some of the yogis in a Christ-like fashion?
Ocean of Life
The flourishing of a devotional form of Hinduism known as what, bridged the gulf separating Hindu and Muslim?
bhakti
How was one of the most beloved of bhakti poets, who was a high-caste woman from northern India who abandoned her upper-class family and conventional Hindu practice?
Mirabai
Who was the founder of Sikhism?
Guru Nanak
Much of Mirabai’s poetry deals with her yearning for union with what Hindu deity, who she regarded as her husband, lover, and lord?
Krishna
What major cultural change blended Islam and Hinduism emerged and grew in the Punjab region of northern India?
Sikhism
What did the founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak, come to believe, even though he was involved in the bhakti movement?
there is no Hindu; there is no Muslim; only God.”
What was the book developed by the Sikhs (followers of Sikhism) known as?
the Guru Granth (teacher book)
What else did the Sikhs develop?
they created a central place of worship and pilgrimage in the Golden Temple of Amritsar and prescribed certain dress requirements for men?
What did the Sikhs require for mens dress?
that they keep hair and beards uncut, wearing a turban, and carrying a short sword
How did the Sikhs become a militant community in the 17th century?
When the Sikhs encountered hostility from both the Mughal Empire and some of their Hindu neighbors
Who people created Europe’s Scientific Revolution between the mid 16th and early 18th century?
Copernicus from Poland, Galileo from Italy, Descartes from France, Newton from England, and many others?
What are some of the long-term effects of the Scientific Revolution?
it altered ideas about the place of humankind within the cosmos and sharply challenged both the teachings and the authority of the Church
By the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Europeans had evolved what that guaranteed a measure of independence for a variety of institutions - the Church, towns and cities, guilds, professional associations, and universities?
legal system
By 1215, what institution was recognized as a “corporation of masters and scholars,” which could admit and expel students, establish courses of instruction, and grant a “license to teach” to the faculty
University of Paris
Which universities became “neutral zones of intellectual autonomy” in which scholars could pursue their studies in relative freedom from the dictates of church or state authorities?
Paris, Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, and Salamanca
What did the universities curriculum feature?
a basically scientific core of readings and lectures that drew heavily on the writings of the Greek thinker Aristotle
Within colleges in the Islamic world, known as what, Quranic studies and religious law held the central place, whereas philosophy and natural science were viewed with great suspicion
madrassas
What did Chinese education focus on?
on preparing for a set of civil service examinations and emphasized the humanistic and moral texts of classical Confucianism
What played a major role in the birth of European natural philosophy (as science was then called) between 1000 and 1500?
Arab medical texts, astronomical research, and translations of Greek classics
What 16th-century Italian doctor, mathematician, and writer, clearly expressed his thoughts saying, “The most unusual is that I was born in this century in which the whole world became known; whereas the ancients were familiar with but a little more than a third part of it?”
Girolamo Cardano (1501-1576)
What did Girolamo Cardano worry about this new explosion of knowledge?
certainties will be exchanged for uncertainties.
Before the Scientific Revolution, educated Europeans held a view of the world derived from who?
Aristotle, the greatest of the ancient Greek philosophers, and from Ptolemy, a Greco-Egyptian mathematician and astronomer who lived in Alexandria during the 2nd Century C.E.
What did medieval European thinkers think of the Earth?
that the earth was stationary and at the center of the universe, and around it revolved the sun, moon, and stars embedded in ten spheres of transparent crystal
The initial breakthrough in the Scientific Revolution came from what Polish mathematician and astronomer, whose famous book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was published in the year of his death?
Nicolaus Copernicus
What was Nicolaus Copernicus’s famous books essential argument?
at the middle of all things lies the sun and that the earth, like the other planets, revolved around it
In the 17th century, what German mathematician showed that the planets followed elliptical orbits, undermining the ancient belief they moved in perfect circles?
Johannes Kepler
Who developed an improved telescope, with which he made many observations that undermined established understandings of the cosmos?
Galileo
What French mathematician and philosopher perhaps spoke for many when he wrote, “The eternal silence of infinite space frightens me.”
Blaise Pascal
Under who, did the culmination of the Scientific Revolution come in his work, where he formulated the modern laws of motion and mechanics, which remained unchallenged until the 20 century?
Sir Isaac Newton
What was at the core of Sir Isaac Newton’s thinking?
the concept of universal gravitation, “All bodies whatsoever, are endowed with a principle of mutual gravitation.”
Who wrote “The machine of the universe is not similar to a divine animated being but similar to a clock.”
Kepler
What French philosopher said “to seek no other knowledge than that which I might find within myself, or perhaps in the book of nature.”
Rene Descartes
Through her marriage to the Duke of Newcastle, who joined in conversations with a circle of “natural philosophers,” wrote six scientific texts, and was the only 17th century English woman to attend a session of the Royal Society of London, created to foster scientific learning?
Margaret Cavendish
Who discovered a previously unknown comet, though her husband took credit for it, also sought to continue his work in the Berlin Academy of Sciences but was refused on the grounds that “mouths would gape” if a woman held such a position
Maria Winkelman
At the will of the Catholic Church, what Italian philosopher, proclaimed an infinite universe and many worlds, was burned at the stake in 1600, and Galileo was compelled by the Church to publicly renounce his belief that the earth moved around an orbit and rotate on its axis
Giordano Bruno
What Scottish professor, formulated laws that accounted for the operation of the economy and that, if followed, would generate inevitably favorable results for society?
Adam Smith
What did the prominent German intellectual Immanuel Kant ask?
What is Enlightenment? It is man’s emergence from his self-imposed …inability to use one’s own understanding without another’s guidance .. Dare to Know! ‘Have the courage to use your own understanding’ is therefore, the motto of enlightenment.
What English philosopher, offered principles for contructing a constitutional government, a contract between rulers and ruled that was created by human ingenuity rather than divinely prescribed?
John Locke
In what, the French writer Voltaire reflected the outlook of the Scientific Revolution as he commented sarcastically on religious intolernance?
Treatise on Toleration
What was Voltaire’s faith, like many others among the “enlightened?”
deism
What did Deists believe?
in a rather abstract and remote Deity, sometimes compared to a clockmaker, who had created the world, but not in personal God who intervened in history or tampered with natural law
What did pantheists believe?
that God and nature were identical
What was a conception of religion shaped by the outlook of science called?
natural religion, it was devoid of mystery, revelation, ritual, and spiritual practice, while proclaiming a God that could be “proven” by human rationality, logic, and the techniques of scientific inquiry
Written by the several Dutchmen, Treatise of Three Imposters, claimed what?
that Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad were fraudulent impostors who based their teachings on “the ignorance of Peoples [and] resolved to keep them in it.”
The male editors of what famous book, a vast compendium of Enlightenment thought, included very few essays by women?
Encyclopédie
In his treatise Emile who described women as fundamentally different from and inferior to men and urged that “the whole education of women ought to be relative to men.”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
In the Journal des Dames (Ladies Journal), founded in Paris 1759, it said, “If we have not been raised up in the sciences as you have” declared who, the Journal’s first editor,”it is you [men]who are the guilty ones; for have you not always abused…the bodily strength that nature has given you?
Madame Beaulmer
What did the philospher Condorcent look forward to?
to the “complete destruction of those prejudices that have established an inequality of rights between the sexes.”
In 1792, what British writer confronted Rousseau’s view of women and their education saying ,”What non-sense!…Til woman are more rationally educated, the progress of human virtue and improvement in knowledge must receive continual checks?”
Mary Wollstonecraft
What did Voltaire idealize about Chinese and continental Europe?
that China as an empire governed by an elite of secular scholars selected for their talent, while continental Europe, where aristocratic birth and military prowess were far more important
Who expressed the soaring confidence in human possibility, declaring that “the perfectibility of humanity is indefinite.”
Marquis de Condorcet
What did the Romantic movement in art and literature appeal to?
emotion, intuition, passion, and imagination rather than cold reason and scientific learning
What movement, emphasized on Bible study, confession of sins, fasting, ethusiastic preaching, and resistance to worldly pleasures called?
the Methodist movment
What are some of the various forms of “enlightened religion” that arose in modern century and what were their believes?
Quakers - emphasized tolerance, an absence of hierarchy and ostentation, a benevolent God and an “inner light”; Unitarians denied the Trinity, sin predestination, and the divinity of Jesus, but honored Jesus as a great teacher and a moral prophet
In the realm of biology, who laid out a complex argument that all life was in constant change, that an endless and competitive struggle for survival over millions of years constantly generated new species of plants and animals, while casting others into extinction?
Charles Darwin
What are two of Charles Darwin’s famous books, which were threatening to many traditional Christian believers, perhaps more so than Copernicus’s ideas?
The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man
Who articulated a view of human history that likewise emphasized change and struggle?
Karl Marx - described the evolution of human civilization but saw himself as a scientist; did not believe in heavenly intervention, chance or the divinely endowed powers of kings.
The work of what Viennese doctor applied scientific techniques to the operation of the human mind and emotions and in doing so cast further doubt on Enlightenment conceptions of human rationality?
Sigmund Freud
What are the new ideas brought to physics?
that time is relative to the position of the observer; space can warp and light can bend; matter and energy are equivalent; black holes and dark matter abound; and probability, not certain prediction, is the best that scientists can hope for
What is the story of the telescope?
It was invented in 17th century in Europe and was improved always, made a number of astronomical discoveries including the surface of the moon, the moons of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn and the phases of Venus
