Chapter 15 Part 2 Flashcards
What are common African forms of religious revelation which found a place in the Africanized versions of Christianity that emerged in the New World?
divination, dream interpretation, visions, spirit possession
How did Europeans frequently perceive the African practices?
as evidence of sorcery, witchcraft, or even devil worship
What syncretic religions were in Haiti, Cuba, and in Brazil?
Vodou in Haiti, Santeria in Cuba, and Candomble and Macumba in Brazil
What did the spread of Islam depend on?
on wandering Muslim holy men or Sufis, Islamic scholars, and itinerant traders
During the 17th century, in what Muslim sultanate on the northern tip of Sumatra, authorities sought to enforce the dietary codes and almsgiving practices of Islamic law?
Aceh
Where did numerous women serve in royal courts and throughout Indonesia women continued to be buyers and sellers in local markets?
Muslim Java
In India, ruled by the Muslim Mughal Empire, religious resistance to official policies that accommodated Hindus found concrete expression during the reign of what emperor?
emperor Aurangzeb
A movement during the mid-18th century used to renew Islamic movement in Arabia, was originated in the teachings of what Islamic scholar?
Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab
What movement took a new turn in 1740s when it received the political backing of Muhammad Ibn Saud, a local ruller who found al-Wahhab’s ideas compelling?
The Wahhabi movement
What did Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab argue?
that the difficulties of the Islamic world were because of deviations from the pure faith of Islam. He was most upset by common religious practices in central Arabia that seemed to him idolatry - the widespread veneration of Sufi saints and their tombs
With Ibn Saud’s support, the Wahhabi religious movement became an expansive state in central Arabia, with what happening?
offending tombs were razed; “idols” were eliminated; books on logic were destroyed; the use of tobacco, hashish, and musical instruments was forbidden; and certain taxes not authorized by religious teaching were abolished
What rights did Al-Wahhab outline for women within a patriarchal Islamic framework?
The right to consent to and stipulate conditions for a marriage, to control her dowry, to divorce, and to engage in commerce
By the 19 century, the new reformist state encompassed much of central Arabia, with Mecca, and came under who’s control?
under Wahhabi control in 1803
China during the Ming and Qing dynasties continued to operate broadly within a Confucian framework, enriched now by the insights of Buddhism and Daoism to generate a system of thought called what?
Neo-Confucianism
During the late Ming times the influential thinker Wang Yangming argued what?
that “intuitive moral knowledge exists in people…even robbers know that they should not rob.”
What was the movement in Chinese elite culture that intended to “seek truth from facts,” and was critical of the unfounded speculation of conventional Confucian philosophy and instead emphasized the importance of verification, percision, accuracy, and rigorous analysis in all fields of inquiry?
kaozheng, or “research based on evidence.”
What allowed a larger public to participate in this favorite Chinese art form?
how-to painting manuals
What was the most famous novel in the mid-18th century in China by Cao Xueqin, which contained 120 chapters and some 400 characters, most of them women?
The Dream of the Red Chamber - it explored the social life of an eighteenth-century elite family with connections to the Chinese court
The Mughal ruler Akbar formulated a state cult that combined what?
combined elements of Islam, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism
Intended to bring the Hindu tradition into Islamic Sufi practice, what book, portrayed some of the yogis in a Christ-like fashion?
Ocean of Life
The flourishing of a devotional form of Hinduism known as what, bridged the gulf separating Hindu and Muslim?
bhakti
How was one of the most beloved of bhakti poets, who was a high-caste woman from northern India who abandoned her upper-class family and conventional Hindu practice?
Mirabai
Who was the founder of Sikhism?
Guru Nanak
Much of Mirabai’s poetry deals with her yearning for union with what Hindu deity, who she regarded as her husband, lover, and lord?
Krishna
What major cultural change blended Islam and Hinduism emerged and grew in the Punjab region of northern India?
Sikhism
What did the founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak, come to believe, even though he was involved in the bhakti movement?
there is no Hindu; there is no Muslim; only God.”
What was the book developed by the Sikhs (followers of Sikhism) known as?
the Guru Granth (teacher book)
What else did the Sikhs develop?
they created a central place of worship and pilgrimage in the Golden Temple of Amritsar and prescribed certain dress requirements for men?
What did the Sikhs require for mens dress?
that they keep hair and beards uncut, wearing a turban, and carrying a short sword
How did the Sikhs become a militant community in the 17th century?
When the Sikhs encountered hostility from both the Mughal Empire and some of their Hindu neighbors
Who people created Europe’s Scientific Revolution between the mid 16th and early 18th century?
Copernicus from Poland, Galileo from Italy, Descartes from France, Newton from England, and many others?
What are some of the long-term effects of the Scientific Revolution?
it altered ideas about the place of humankind within the cosmos and sharply challenged both the teachings and the authority of the Church
