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Borgeson World History Chapter Study > Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet1 > Flashcards

Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What soldier from World War 1 is talking and believed that World War 1 was the “war to end all wars”?

A

Alfred Anderson (died at age of 109)

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2
Q

What was the Christmas Truce of 1914?

A

British and German soldiers mingled and exchanged gifts (normally enemies)

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3
Q

The other name for World War 1?

A

the Great War (1914-1918)

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4
Q

What did Europe lose after 1945 during the revival stage?

A

Overseas colonial possessions and its position as political, economic, and military core of Western civilization

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5
Q

Who did Europes role pass to?

A

United States

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6
Q

what was the term for the Europeans pride?

A

proud tower

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7
Q

what was the most obvious division of the European transformation?

A

among its competing states

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8
Q

What two countries joined their fragmented territories into two major new powers in 1870?

A

Italy and Germany

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9
Q

what was Germany seeking?

A

its place in the sun

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10
Q

what two rival alliances was the balance of power expressed?

A

the Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Triple Entente of Russia, France, and Britain.

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11
Q

what event occurred on June 28, 1914?

A

a Serbian nationalist assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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12
Q

when did the Great Powers of Europe enter into a general war?

A

August 1914

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13
Q

what lay at the heart of the war’s beginning?

A

Slavic nationalism and Austro-Hungarian opposition to it

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14
Q

What did the great powers of Europe compete for?

A

colonies, spheres of influence, and superiority in armaments

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15
Q

what were British women encouraged to present to men not in uniform?

A

a white feather as a symbol of cowardice

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16
Q

what else contributed to war

A

industrialized militarism

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17
Q

What did the Great powers militaries rely on in order to staff their militaries

A

conscription

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18
Q

what was conscription

A

compulsory military service

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19
Q

what did each of the major states develop

A

elaborate “war plans”

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20
Q

what was a hair trigger mentality

A

each country had incentive to strike first so their plan could be carried out without surprise

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21
Q

what did the rapid industrialization of warfare generate

A

submarines, tanks, airplanes, poison gas, machine guns, and barbed wire

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22
Q

what was the number of casualties of war

A

10 million deaths, double that for amount of injuries (mostly men)

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23
Q

where did battles rage as British and French forces sought to seize Germany colonies abroad

A

Africa and the South Pacific

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24
Q

who was Japan allied with

A

britain

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25
Q

who was the Ottoman Empire allied with and what did they witness as a result

A

germany, they had an Arab revolt against them

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26
Q

when did the United States join the war

A

1917

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27
Q

why did the United States join the war

A

German submarines threatened American shipping

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28
Q

what did world war 1 put a halt to

A

the women’s suffrage movement

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29
Q

what did Europeans believe in the late summer of 1914

A

the boys will be home by Christmas

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30
Q

Who lost and when did they lose

A

German defeat in November 1918

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31
Q

what did world war 1 become

A

a war of attrition: combatants engaging in trench warfare experienced enormous casualties while gaining or losing only a few yards of muddy, blood-soaked ground

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32
Q

what were two battles that lasted more than a month and resulted in casualties of 1 million each

A

Verdun and the Somme in France

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33
Q

it became a “total war” , what did this mean

A

required the mobilization of each country’s entire population

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34
Q

Why did germanys policies become known as “war socialism”

A

they assumed such control over the economy

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35
Q

what did the war seem to mock

A

the Enlightenment values of progress, tolerance, and rationality.

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36
Q

what was the most famous novel to emerge from the war and who wrote it

A

the German veteran Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front

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37
Q

what were housing programs for soldiers called in Britain

A

homes for heroes

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38
Q

what did French authorities proclaim mothers day as after the war

A

It was designed to encourage childbearing and thus replace the millions lost in the war

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39
Q

what countries did women receive the right to vote in

A

Britain, the United States, Germany, the Soviet Union, Hungary, and Poland

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40
Q

what were flappers

A

young, middle-class women who began to flout convention by smoking, dancing, appearing at nightclubs, drinking hard liquor, cutting their hair short, wearing revealing clothing, and generally expressing a more open sexuality

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41
Q

what became vehicles of popular culture

A

radio and the movies

42
Q

what did the new map of Central Europe include from the results of the war

A

an independent Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia as well as other newly independent nations

43
Q

what were new states based on and who came up with this principle

A

national self-determination, US president Woodrow Wilson

44
Q

what did the strains of war trigger in Russia

A

vast revolutionary upheaval that brought the radical Bolsheviks to power in 1917 and took Russia out of the war

45
Q

what treaty formally concluded the war in 1919

A

treaty of Versailles

46
Q

what created resentment in Germany

A

Germany lost its colonial empire and 15 percent of its European territory, was required to pay heavy reparations to the winners, had its military forces severely restricted, and was required to accept sole responsibility for the outbreak of the war

47
Q

who said, “It cannot be that two million Germans should have fallen in vain…. No, we do not pardon, we demand — vengeance.”

A

Adolf Hitler

48
Q

what did Ottoman authorities do when they suspected their Armenian subjects were collaborating with Russian enemies

A

massacred or deported an estimated 1 million Armenians.

49
Q

what were Arabs governed for by the British and French

A

mandates of the League of Nations

50
Q

what product did the Latin American countries benefit from due to the growing demand from the war

A

Chilean nitrates (used in explosives)

51
Q

what did the sharp drop in nitrated exports result in after the war

A

mass unemployment, urban riots, bloody strikes, and some appeal for the newly established Chilean Communist Party.

52
Q

what sparked an interest in Soviet-style communism

A

the new communist rulers of Russia seemed willing to end the imperialist penetration of China.

53
Q

where did president Woodrow Wilson receive an almost religious enthusiasm

A

at a Peace Conference in Paris in 1919

54
Q

what idea of Wilsons appealed to many

A

his idea for the League of Nations, a new international peacekeeping organization committed to the principle of “collective security”

55
Q

when was the outbreak of the great depression

A

1929

56
Q

when did the American stock market initially crash

A

October 24, 1929

57
Q

how many Wall Street financiers committed suicide

A

11

58
Q

by how much did world trade drop

A

62%

59
Q

what was the worst feature of the Great Depression

A

loss of work

60
Q

by 1932 what percentage of unemployment did Germany and the US reach

A

30% or more

61
Q

what came to symbolize the human reality of this economic disaster

A

Beggars, soup kitchens, breadlines, shantytowns, and vacant factories

62
Q

what two colonies were hit really hard by the great depression

A

Colonial Southeast Asia, the world’s major rubber-producing region and Britain’s West African colony of the Gold Coast (produced cocoa)

63
Q

how much were the value of exports cut by

A

1/2

64
Q

what did Brazil do to maintain the price of coffee

A

destroyed enough of its crop to have supplied the world for a year

65
Q

what was import substitution industrialization

A

governments sought to steer their countries away from an earlier dependence on exports toward a policy of generating their own industries

66
Q

what did Getúlio Vargas do (Brazil dictatorship)

A

his government took steps to modernize the urban industrial sector of the economy

67
Q

under the leadership of Lázaro Cárdenas in Mexico, what did the depression open the way to

A

a revival of the principles of the Mexican Revolution

68
Q

what did Lazaro Cardenas do

A

pushed land reform, favored Mexican workers against foreign interests, and nationalized an oil industry dominated by American capital.

69
Q

what was “democratic socialism”

A

sought greater regulation of the economy and a more equal distribution of wealth through peaceful means and electoral politics.

70
Q

what was President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal (1933-1942)

A

an experimental combination of reforms seeking to restart economic growth and to prevent similar calamities in the future

71
Q

who was John Maynard Keynes

A

a prominent British economist who argued that government actions and spending programs could moderate the recessions and depressions to which capitalist economies were prone

72
Q

what were some of the New Deal’s longer-term reforms

A

the Social Security system, the minimum wage, and various relief and welfare programs

73
Q

what gave rise to a permanent agribusiness that encouraged continued production even as prices fell

A

subsidies for farmers

74
Q

what was initiated in the Russian Revolution of 1917

A

communism

75
Q

where did the more immediate challenge to the victors in the Great War come from

A

territorially aggressive, and ferociously anticommunist regimes

76
Q

where did The most successful efforts to cope with the Depression come from

A

Nazi germany and Japan

77
Q

what were the so-called Axis powers

A

an alliance between Italy, Japan, and Germany

78
Q

what was fascism

A

an ideology that was intensely nationalistic, seeking to revitalize and purify the nation and to mobilize its people for some grand task

79
Q

in what country did a racist movement lead to a bitter civil war from (1936-1939)

A

Spain

80
Q

where did the first fascist alternative take place

A

Italy

81
Q

how did Benito Mussolini come into power

A

With the help of a private army of disillusioned veterans and jobless men known as the Black Shirts

82
Q

who threw its support to Mussolini

A

big business and they promised order in the streets

83
Q

what was the symbol of this movement

A

the fasces, a bundle of birch rods bound together around an axe, which represented power and strength in unity and derived from ancient Rome

84
Q

the two faces of European fascism?

A

Mussolini and Hitler

85
Q

what did Italy’s fascist regimes disband

A

independent labor unions and peasant groups as well as all opposing political parties

86
Q

what theory took shape in which workers, employers, and various professional groups were organized into “corporations” that were supposed to settle their disagreements

A

corporate state

87
Q

what were Mussolini’s series of agreements with the Catholic Church

A

the Lateran Accords of 1929

88
Q

what was the Weimar Republic

A

democratic politicians of a new government, purpose to negotiate a peace settlement with the victorious allies

89
Q

what were the Freikorps

A

Paramilitary groups of veterans who assassinated hundreds of supporters of the Weimar regime.

90
Q

what class did the Nazis gain public support

A

middle-class

91
Q

what did the National socialist (Nazis) party proclaim

A

a message of intense German nationalism cast in terms of racial superiority, bitter hatred for Jews as an alien presence

92
Q

what % did the Nazis gain of the vote in the elections of 1928

A

2.60%

93
Q

what year was Hitler installed as the chancellor of the German government

A

1933

94
Q

who said there was a “glimmer of hope” in early Nazi regime

A

teenage girl Erna Kranz

95
Q

what book did Hitler outline his case against the Jews

A

Mein Kampf (my struggle)

96
Q

what laws ended German citizenship for Jews and forbade marriage or sexual relations between Jews and Germans

A

the Nuremberg Laws of 1935

97
Q

on what night did persecution give way to terror when Nazis smashed and looted Jewish shops

A

November 9, 1938, known as Kristallnacht

98
Q

racial revolution?

A

the mass killing of Europe’s Jews

99
Q

what was initiated in the mid-1930s in Germany

A

a state-sponsored system of brothels

100
Q

The Eternal Jew

A

an anti-Semitic book of photographs by the Nazis in 1937

Borgeson World History Chapter Study (42 decks)

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