Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet1 Flashcards
What soldier from World War 1 is talking and believed that World War 1 was the “war to end all wars”?
Alfred Anderson (died at age of 109)
What was the Christmas Truce of 1914?
British and German soldiers mingled and exchanged gifts (normally enemies)
The other name for World War 1?
the Great War (1914-1918)
What did Europe lose after 1945 during the revival stage?
Overseas colonial possessions and its position as political, economic, and military core of Western civilization
Who did Europes role pass to?
United States
what was the term for the Europeans pride?
proud tower
what was the most obvious division of the European transformation?
among its competing states
What two countries joined their fragmented territories into two major new powers in 1870?
Italy and Germany
what was Germany seeking?
its place in the sun
what two rival alliances was the balance of power expressed?
the Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Triple Entente of Russia, France, and Britain.
what event occurred on June 28, 1914?
a Serbian nationalist assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand
when did the Great Powers of Europe enter into a general war?
August 1914
what lay at the heart of the war’s beginning?
Slavic nationalism and Austro-Hungarian opposition to it
What did the great powers of Europe compete for?
colonies, spheres of influence, and superiority in armaments
what were British women encouraged to present to men not in uniform?
a white feather as a symbol of cowardice
what else contributed to war
industrialized militarism
What did the Great powers militaries rely on in order to staff their militaries
conscription
what was conscription
compulsory military service
what did each of the major states develop
elaborate “war plans”
what was a hair trigger mentality
each country had incentive to strike first so their plan could be carried out without surprise
what did the rapid industrialization of warfare generate
submarines, tanks, airplanes, poison gas, machine guns, and barbed wire
what was the number of casualties of war
10 million deaths, double that for amount of injuries (mostly men)
where did battles rage as British and French forces sought to seize Germany colonies abroad
Africa and the South Pacific
who was Japan allied with
britain
who was the Ottoman Empire allied with and what did they witness as a result
germany, they had an Arab revolt against them
when did the United States join the war
1917
why did the United States join the war
German submarines threatened American shipping
what did world war 1 put a halt to
the women’s suffrage movement
what did Europeans believe in the late summer of 1914
the boys will be home by Christmas
Who lost and when did they lose
German defeat in November 1918
what did world war 1 become
a war of attrition: combatants engaging in trench warfare experienced enormous casualties while gaining or losing only a few yards of muddy, blood-soaked ground
what were two battles that lasted more than a month and resulted in casualties of 1 million each
Verdun and the Somme in France
it became a “total war” , what did this mean
required the mobilization of each country’s entire population
Why did germanys policies become known as “war socialism”
they assumed such control over the economy
what did the war seem to mock
the Enlightenment values of progress, tolerance, and rationality.
what was the most famous novel to emerge from the war and who wrote it
the German veteran Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front
what were housing programs for soldiers called in Britain
homes for heroes
what did French authorities proclaim mothers day as after the war
It was designed to encourage childbearing and thus replace the millions lost in the war
what countries did women receive the right to vote in
Britain, the United States, Germany, the Soviet Union, Hungary, and Poland
what were flappers
young, middle-class women who began to flout convention by smoking, dancing, appearing at nightclubs, drinking hard liquor, cutting their hair short, wearing revealing clothing, and generally expressing a more open sexuality
what became vehicles of popular culture
radio and the movies
what did the new map of Central Europe include from the results of the war
an independent Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia as well as other newly independent nations
what were new states based on and who came up with this principle
national self-determination, US president Woodrow Wilson
what did the strains of war trigger in Russia
vast revolutionary upheaval that brought the radical Bolsheviks to power in 1917 and took Russia out of the war
what treaty formally concluded the war in 1919
treaty of Versailles
what created resentment in Germany
Germany lost its colonial empire and 15 percent of its European territory, was required to pay heavy reparations to the winners, had its military forces severely restricted, and was required to accept sole responsibility for the outbreak of the war
who said, “It cannot be that two million Germans should have fallen in vain…. No, we do not pardon, we demand — vengeance.”
Adolf Hitler
what did Ottoman authorities do when they suspected their Armenian subjects were collaborating with Russian enemies
massacred or deported an estimated 1 million Armenians.
what were Arabs governed for by the British and French
mandates of the League of Nations
what product did the Latin American countries benefit from due to the growing demand from the war
Chilean nitrates (used in explosives)
what did the sharp drop in nitrated exports result in after the war
mass unemployment, urban riots, bloody strikes, and some appeal for the newly established Chilean Communist Party.
what sparked an interest in Soviet-style communism
the new communist rulers of Russia seemed willing to end the imperialist penetration of China.
where did president Woodrow Wilson receive an almost religious enthusiasm
at a Peace Conference in Paris in 1919
what idea of Wilsons appealed to many
his idea for the League of Nations, a new international peacekeeping organization committed to the principle of “collective security”
when was the outbreak of the great depression
1929
when did the American stock market initially crash
October 24, 1929
how many Wall Street financiers committed suicide
11
by how much did world trade drop
62%
what was the worst feature of the Great Depression
loss of work
by 1932 what percentage of unemployment did Germany and the US reach
30% or more
what came to symbolize the human reality of this economic disaster
Beggars, soup kitchens, breadlines, shantytowns, and vacant factories
what two colonies were hit really hard by the great depression
Colonial Southeast Asia, the world’s major rubber-producing region and Britain’s West African colony of the Gold Coast (produced cocoa)
how much were the value of exports cut by
1/2
what did Brazil do to maintain the price of coffee
destroyed enough of its crop to have supplied the world for a year
what was import substitution industrialization
governments sought to steer their countries away from an earlier dependence on exports toward a policy of generating their own industries
what did Getúlio Vargas do (Brazil dictatorship)
his government took steps to modernize the urban industrial sector of the economy
under the leadership of Lázaro Cárdenas in Mexico, what did the depression open the way to
a revival of the principles of the Mexican Revolution
what did Lazaro Cardenas do
pushed land reform, favored Mexican workers against foreign interests, and nationalized an oil industry dominated by American capital.
what was “democratic socialism”
sought greater regulation of the economy and a more equal distribution of wealth through peaceful means and electoral politics.
what was President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal (1933-1942)
an experimental combination of reforms seeking to restart economic growth and to prevent similar calamities in the future
who was John Maynard Keynes
a prominent British economist who argued that government actions and spending programs could moderate the recessions and depressions to which capitalist economies were prone
what were some of the New Deal’s longer-term reforms
the Social Security system, the minimum wage, and various relief and welfare programs
what gave rise to a permanent agribusiness that encouraged continued production even as prices fell
subsidies for farmers
what was initiated in the Russian Revolution of 1917
communism
where did the more immediate challenge to the victors in the Great War come from
territorially aggressive, and ferociously anticommunist regimes
where did The most successful efforts to cope with the Depression come from
Nazi germany and Japan
what were the so-called Axis powers
an alliance between Italy, Japan, and Germany
what was fascism
an ideology that was intensely nationalistic, seeking to revitalize and purify the nation and to mobilize its people for some grand task
in what country did a racist movement lead to a bitter civil war from (1936-1939)
Spain
where did the first fascist alternative take place
Italy
how did Benito Mussolini come into power
With the help of a private army of disillusioned veterans and jobless men known as the Black Shirts
who threw its support to Mussolini
big business and they promised order in the streets
what was the symbol of this movement
the fasces, a bundle of birch rods bound together around an axe, which represented power and strength in unity and derived from ancient Rome
the two faces of European fascism?
Mussolini and Hitler
what did Italy’s fascist regimes disband
independent labor unions and peasant groups as well as all opposing political parties
what theory took shape in which workers, employers, and various professional groups were organized into “corporations” that were supposed to settle their disagreements
corporate state
what were Mussolini’s series of agreements with the Catholic Church
the Lateran Accords of 1929
what was the Weimar Republic
democratic politicians of a new government, purpose to negotiate a peace settlement with the victorious allies
what were the Freikorps
Paramilitary groups of veterans who assassinated hundreds of supporters of the Weimar regime.
what class did the Nazis gain public support
middle-class
what did the National socialist (Nazis) party proclaim
a message of intense German nationalism cast in terms of racial superiority, bitter hatred for Jews as an alien presence
what % did the Nazis gain of the vote in the elections of 1928
2.60%
what year was Hitler installed as the chancellor of the German government
1933
who said there was a “glimmer of hope” in early Nazi regime
teenage girl Erna Kranz
what book did Hitler outline his case against the Jews
Mein Kampf (my struggle)
what laws ended German citizenship for Jews and forbade marriage or sexual relations between Jews and Germans
the Nuremberg Laws of 1935
on what night did persecution give way to terror when Nazis smashed and looted Jewish shops
November 9, 1938, known as Kristallnacht
racial revolution?
the mass killing of Europe’s Jews
what was initiated in the mid-1930s in Germany
a state-sponsored system of brothels
The Eternal Jew
an anti-Semitic book of photographs by the Nazis in 1937
