Chapter 11 Flashcards
In late 2012, the Central Asian nation of Mongolia celebrated what?
“Day of Mongolian Pride,” which marked the birth of the country’s epic hero Chinggis Khan
Whose birth did a “Day of Mongolian Pride,” mark?
The birth of the country’s epic hero Chinggis Khan 850 years earlier
What did officials lay at a giant monument of the warrior leader Chinggis Khan?
Officials laid wreaths; wrestlers and archers tested their skills in competition; dancers performed; over 100 scholars made presentations; traditional costumes abounded
In central London, what was unveiled for the occasion?
A large bronze statue of Mongolia’s founder
How is Chinggis Khan celebrated as by the Mongolian peoples?
A unifier, the creator of an empire tolerant of various faiths, and a promoter of economic and cultural ties among distant peoples
Who regarded Chinggis Khan in a very negative way after 2012
Soviet-backed communist government shifted the thinking of Mongolian peoples
As communism faded in both Russia and Mongolia at the end of the 12th century, who’s memory made a remarkable comeback in the land of his birth?
Chinggis Khan
What objects bore the name and image of Chinggis Khan?
Vodka, cigarettes, a chocolate bar, two brands of beer, the country’s best rock band, and the central square in the capital city bore his name
Mongolia’s stamps and money had his image
How many birthdays celebrations had Chinggis Khan had in 2012?
850
The “________” beginning around 11,500 years ago, involved both plants and animals.
“revolution of domestication”
What alternative kind of food-producing economy emerged around 4000 B.C.E., focused on what?
The raising of livestock
People practicing the raising of livestock learned to use what from their animals?
Milk, blood, wool, hides, and meat of their animals
What animals enabled the construction of pastoral or herding societies?
Horses, camels, goats, sheep, cattle, yaks, and reindeer
Where did pastoral societies take shape?
The vast grasslands of inner Eurasia and sub-Saharan Africa, in the Arabian and Saharan deserts, in the subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and in the high plateau of Tibet
What animals allowed for some pastoralism in the Andes?
Llamas and alpacas
What did pastoral peoples generally live in?
In small and widely scattered encampments or seasonal settlements made up of related kinfolk
What groups did pastoral peoples organize themselves into?
Into kinship-based groups or clans that claimed a common ancestry, usually through the male line
What differences emerged within pastoral societies clans?
Ranked as noble or commoner, and differences between wealthy aristocrats owning large flocks of animals and poor herders
What did pastoral people generally offer women?`
A higher status, fewer restrictions, and a greater role in public life than their agricultural counterparts
What roles did women have in pastoral societies?`
Involved in productive labor, domestic responsibility for food and children, and the care of small animals such as sheep and goats
Where did the remarriage of widows carry none of the negative connotations that it did among the Chinese, and women could initiate divorce?
Among the Mongols
What were Mongol women frequently serving as?`
As political advisers and were active in military affairs as well
What thirteenth-century European visitor, who was a Franciscan friar, recorded his impressions of Mongol women?
Giovanni DiPlano Carping - saying that girls and women ride and gallop as skillfully as men, seeing them also carrying quivers and bows, also making clothes, shoes, leggings, and everything of leather, they wear trousers and shoot just like men
Ancient Greek writers thought that the pastoralists with whom they were familiar were “_____ _____”
“women governed”
What Chinese Confucian scholar in the first century B.C.E., thought that China’s northern pastoral neighbors “[made] no distinction between men and women”
Han Kuan
What was the most characteristic feature of pastoral societies?
Their mobility, as local environmental conditions largely dictated their patterns of movement
Who did pastoral peoples depend on?
Their agricultural neighbors
What did pastoral peoples seek from their agricultural neighbors?`
Sought access to the food-stuffs, manufactured goods, and luxury items available from the urban workshops and farming communities of nearby civilizations
Who were an ancient horse-riding pastoral people during the second-wave era, who occupied a region in present-day Kazakhstan and southern Russia.
The Scythians
Leaders able to weld together a series of tribal alliances often employed what device?
Often employed the device of “fictive kinship,” designating allies as blood relatives and treating them with a corresponding respect
At some point or another what religions had found a home somewhere among the pastoral peoples of inner Eurasia?
Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and several forms of Christianity
What religious tradition born in the third-century Persia, combined elements of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist practice, finding a home in inner Eurasia?
Manichaeism
What pastoral peoples learned the art of horseback riding, by roughly 1000 B.C.E., dramatically changing their society?
Pastoral peoples of the Inner Asian steppes
What could pastoral peoples of the Inner Asian steppe now able to do with the art of horseback riding?
accumulate and tend larger herds of horses, sheep, and goats and move more rapidly over a much wider territory
What were some of the new innovations learned by pastoral peoples that adapted their societies, added mastery of their environment and created a common culture in the region?
Complex horse harnesses, saddles with iron stirrups, a small compound bow that could be fired from horseback, various forms of armor, and new kinds of swords
What did a Roman historian note about the Huns?
“From their horses, by day and night every one of that nation buys and sells, eats and drinks, and bowed over the narrow neck of the animal relaxes in a sleep so deep as to be accompanied by many dreams.”
What enabled pastoral peoples to make their most visible entry onto the stage of world history?
Their military potential of horseback riding, and of camel riding somewhat later
The mastery of what made it possible a long but intermittent series of pastoral empires across the steppes of inner Eurasia and parts of Africa?`
Mounted warfare
What people were associated with a pastoral empire, located in the Mongolian steppes north of China?
Xiongnu
What did the Xiongnu create in the third and second centuries B.C.E. when provoked by Chinese penetration into their territory?
A huge military confederacy
Who was the leader of the Xiongnu Empire?
Modun
With power more concentrated in a divinely sanctioned ruler the differences between what became more prominent?
“junior” and “senior” clans
What did Modun declare about people who drew the bow?
“All the people who draw the bow have now become one family.”
What did Modun force the Han dynasty emperor Wen to acknowledge?
“Our two great nations, the Han and the Xiongnu, stand side by side.”
The model of the Xiongnu Empire was later emulated by what empires?
Turkic and Mongol empires
During what era did pastoral peoples make their most significant mark on the larger canvas of world history?`
During the era of third-wave civilization (500-15000)
What people of pastoral origin created the largest and most influential empires of the third-wave civilization era?`
Arabs, Berbers, Turks, and Mongols
What great civilizations of outer Eurasia came under the control of previously pastoral people?
Byzantium, Persia, India, and China
What is the most expansive religious tradition, which was derived from a largely pastoral people, the Arabs, and was carried to new regions by another pastoral people, the Turks?
Islam
In the Arabian Peninsula, what was developed between 500 and 100 B.C.E. which enabled pastoral Bedouin (desert-dwelling) Arabs to fight effectively from atop their enormous beasts?
The development of a reliable camel saddle
With the development of the camel saddle the Arabs came to control what?
To control the rich trade routes in incense running through Arabia
The fragile alliances of various tribes were headed by a supreme ruler known as what?
Known as a kaghan, who was supported by a faithful corps of soldiers called “wolves,” for the wolf was the mythical ancestor of Turkic people
What is the mythical ancestor of Turkic people?
wolf
What was the corps of soldiers who supported the kaghan, known as?
wolves
What greater civilizations did the Turkic states confront?
China, Persia, Byzantium; raiding them, allying with them, trading and extorting tribute payments from them
What Turkic traditions spread north in to China?
Yogurt thinned with water, a drink derived from the Turks, replaced for a time the traditional beverage of tea
What religion did the Turks convert to between the tenth and fourteenth centuries?
To Islam
The Turks conversion to Islam represented major expansion of the faith and launched the Turks into a new role as what?
The third major carrier of Islam, following the Arabs and the Persians
Where did the Turks migrate into after covering to Islam?
Migrated southward into the Middle East
In migrating to the Middle East what did Turks serve as?`
First as slave soldiers within the Abbasid caliphate, and then, as the caliphate declined, they increasingly took political and military power themselves
What Turkic empire of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, was centered in Persia and present-day Iraq?
Seljuk Turkic Empire
In the Seljuk Turkic Empire, Turkic rulers began to claim the Muslim title of what?
The title of sultan (ruler) rather than the Turkic kaghan
The Turkic invasions of what area solidly planted Islam in that ancient civilization?
Northern India
Many Turkic people had transformed themselves from pastoralists to what?
Sedentary farmers, from creators of steppe empires to rulers of agrarian civilization, and from polytheistic worshippers of their ancestors and various gods to followers and carriers of a monotheistic Islam
In what part of Africa, did the introduction of the camel, during the first millennium B.C.E., gave rise to pastoral societies?`
Northern Africa and the Sahara
What scholar from Africa, who returned from a pilgrimage to Mecca around 1039 wanted to purify the practice of the faith in his own people?
Ibn Yasin
The religious movements of Islam soon became what expansive state, which incorporated a large part of northwestern Africa and in 1086 crossed into southern Spain?
Almoravid Empire
The Almoravid state enjoyed considerable prosperity, based on its control of much of the West African gold trade and the grain producing Atlantic plains of what?
Morocco
The Almoravids also brought to Morocco the sophisticated Islamic culture of southern Spain, still visible in what city?
The city of Marrakech, for a time the capital of the Almoravid Empire
What peoples breakout from Mongolia in the thirteenth-century gave rise to the largest land-based empire stretching from the Pacific coast of Asia to Eastern Europe?
Mongols
What were the religious specialists who might predict the future, offer sacrifices, and communicate with the spirit world, particularly with Tengri known as?
shamans
Who was the Mongols supreme sky god known as; who Shamans often communicated with?
Tengri
What was the original name of Chinggis Khan (universal ruler)?
Temujin
What does Chinggis Khan Mean?
Universal ruler
What did Temujin’s (Chinggis Khan) father do?
He had been a minor chieftain of a noble clan, but was murdered by tribal rivals before Temujin turned ten, and the family was soon deserted by other members of the clan
How did Temujin’s family have to live after all the happened?
Lead by his resourceful mother, they had to abandon pastoralism, living instead by bunting, fishing, and gathering wild foods
In 1206, a Mongol tribal assembly recognized Temujin as what?
Chinggis Khan, supreme leader of a now unified Great Mongol Nation
Chinggis Khan, followed by his sons and grandsons (Ogodei, Mongke, and Khubilai), constructed an empire that contained what?
China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, much of the Islamic Middle East, and parts of Eastern Europe
What are some of the setbacks that marked the outer limits of the Mongol Empire?
Their withdrawal from Eastern Europe (1242), their defeat at Ainu Jalut in Palestine at the hands of Egyptian forces (1260), etc.
China alone outnumbered the Mongols ___ to __ and possessed incomparably greater resources,
100 to 1
In the Mongol military, if any member of a unit deserted battle what were they subject?
The death penalty
What did Chinggis Khan say to show that he endured the same hardship as his men?
“I eat the same food and am dressed in the same rags as my humble herdsmen, I am always in the front, and in battle I am never at the rear.”
What did the Mongols demand that their conquered people serve as?
Laborers, building roads and bridges and ferrying supplies over long distances
A French goldsmith, captured by Mongol forces in Hungary, wound up as a slave in the Mongol capital of what, where he constructed an elaborate silver fountain that dispensed wine and other intoxicating drinks?
Karakorum
What Mongol in the 1230s, suggested to exterminate everyone in northern China and turn the country into pastureland for Mongol herd?
Great Khan Ogodei
What Chinese practices and techniques did the Mongols use?
Administrative practices and techniques of taxation as well as their postal system
The Mongols gave themselves what Chinese dynastic title?
The Yuan, suggesting a new beginning in Chinese history
The Mongols moved their capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to what is now what?
Beijing, building a wholly new capital city there
What did the Mongols new capital located in present-day Beijing become known as?
Khanbalik, “city of the khan.”
Who was the grandson of Chinggis Khan and China’s Mongol ruler from 1271 to 1294?
Khubilai Khan
What did Khubilai Khan order?
A set of Chinese-style ancestral tablets to honor his ancestors and posthumously awarded them Chinese names
What were some of Khubilai Khan’s policies?
He improved roads, built canals, lowered some taxes, patronized scholars and artists, limited the death penalty and torture, supported peasant agriculture, and prohibited Mongols from grazing their animals on peasants’ farmland
Who was one of the female advisers that Khubilai Khan relied heavily on and also was his favorite wife?
Chabi
What was a second great civilization conquers by the Mongols?`
The Islamic Persia
A second assault was let under Khan’s grandson, ______, who became the first il-khan (subordinate khan) of Persia.
Hulegu
What Persian historian described the fearful situation of Mongol attack into Persia?
Juvaini
What brought the end to the Abbasid caliphate?
The sacking of Baghdad in 1258
What were Mongols forces now armed with when attacking Russia and the city of Kieven Rusk?
Catapults and battering rams adopted from Chinese or Muslim sources
What did the Mongols call the incorporation of Russia?
Kipchak Khanate, named after the Kipchak Turkic speaking peoples north of the Caspian and Black sets, among whom the Mongols had settled
What did the Russians call their incorporation into Mongol rule?
Khanate of the Golden Horde
Russian princes received appointment from the khan and were required to send substantial tribute to the Mongol capital where?
At Sara, located on the lower Volga River
What Russian city resisted the Mongols and were devastated?
Kiev
What Russian city emerged as the primary collector of tribute for the Mongols?
Moscow
Russian princes found it useful to adopt the Mongols’ what?
Weapons, diplomatic rituals, court practices, taxation system, and military draft
Who often paid well over the asking price to attract merchants to his capital of Karakorum?
The Great Khan Ogodei
The Mongols also provided financial backing for caravans, introducing what?
Standardized weights and measures, and gave tax breaks to merchants
The Mongol Empire brought the two ends of the Eurasian world into closer contact than ever before launching a new phase in the history of what?
Of the silk Roads
Mongol armies destroyed who in 1241-1242 and seemed poised to march on Central and Western Europe?
Polish, German, and Hungarian forces
