Chapter 11 Flashcards
In late 2012, the Central Asian nation of Mongolia celebrated what?
“Day of Mongolian Pride,” which marked the birth of the country’s epic hero Chinggis Khan
Whose birth did a “Day of Mongolian Pride,” mark?
The birth of the country’s epic hero Chinggis Khan 850 years earlier
What did officials lay at a giant monument of the warrior leader Chinggis Khan?
Officials laid wreaths; wrestlers and archers tested their skills in competition; dancers performed; over 100 scholars made presentations; traditional costumes abounded
In central London, what was unveiled for the occasion?
A large bronze statue of Mongolia’s founder
How is Chinggis Khan celebrated as by the Mongolian peoples?
A unifier, the creator of an empire tolerant of various faiths, and a promoter of economic and cultural ties among distant peoples
Who regarded Chinggis Khan in a very negative way after 2012
Soviet-backed communist government shifted the thinking of Mongolian peoples
As communism faded in both Russia and Mongolia at the end of the 12th century, who’s memory made a remarkable comeback in the land of his birth?
Chinggis Khan
What objects bore the name and image of Chinggis Khan?
Vodka, cigarettes, a chocolate bar, two brands of beer, the country’s best rock band, and the central square in the capital city bore his name
Mongolia’s stamps and money had his image
How many birthdays celebrations had Chinggis Khan had in 2012?
850
The “________” beginning around 11,500 years ago, involved both plants and animals.
“revolution of domestication”
What alternative kind of food-producing economy emerged around 4000 B.C.E., focused on what?
The raising of livestock
People practicing the raising of livestock learned to use what from their animals?
Milk, blood, wool, hides, and meat of their animals
What animals enabled the construction of pastoral or herding societies?
Horses, camels, goats, sheep, cattle, yaks, and reindeer
Where did pastoral societies take shape?
The vast grasslands of inner Eurasia and sub-Saharan Africa, in the Arabian and Saharan deserts, in the subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and in the high plateau of Tibet
What animals allowed for some pastoralism in the Andes?
Llamas and alpacas
What did pastoral peoples generally live in?
In small and widely scattered encampments or seasonal settlements made up of related kinfolk
What groups did pastoral peoples organize themselves into?
Into kinship-based groups or clans that claimed a common ancestry, usually through the male line
What differences emerged within pastoral societies clans?
Ranked as noble or commoner, and differences between wealthy aristocrats owning large flocks of animals and poor herders
What did pastoral people generally offer women?`
A higher status, fewer restrictions, and a greater role in public life than their agricultural counterparts
What roles did women have in pastoral societies?`
Involved in productive labor, domestic responsibility for food and children, and the care of small animals such as sheep and goats
Where did the remarriage of widows carry none of the negative connotations that it did among the Chinese, and women could initiate divorce?
Among the Mongols
What were Mongol women frequently serving as?`
As political advisers and were active in military affairs as well
What thirteenth-century European visitor, who was a Franciscan friar, recorded his impressions of Mongol women?
Giovanni DiPlano Carping - saying that girls and women ride and gallop as skillfully as men, seeing them also carrying quivers and bows, also making clothes, shoes, leggings, and everything of leather, they wear trousers and shoot just like men
Ancient Greek writers thought that the pastoralists with whom they were familiar were “_____ _____”
“women governed”
What Chinese Confucian scholar in the first century B.C.E., thought that China’s northern pastoral neighbors “[made] no distinction between men and women”
Han Kuan
What was the most characteristic feature of pastoral societies?
Their mobility, as local environmental conditions largely dictated their patterns of movement
Who did pastoral peoples depend on?
Their agricultural neighbors
What did pastoral peoples seek from their agricultural neighbors?`
Sought access to the food-stuffs, manufactured goods, and luxury items available from the urban workshops and farming communities of nearby civilizations
Who were an ancient horse-riding pastoral people during the second-wave era, who occupied a region in present-day Kazakhstan and southern Russia.
The Scythians
Leaders able to weld together a series of tribal alliances often employed what device?
Often employed the device of “fictive kinship,” designating allies as blood relatives and treating them with a corresponding respect
At some point or another what religions had found a home somewhere among the pastoral peoples of inner Eurasia?
Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and several forms of Christianity
What religious tradition born in the third-century Persia, combined elements of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist practice, finding a home in inner Eurasia?
Manichaeism
What pastoral peoples learned the art of horseback riding, by roughly 1000 B.C.E., dramatically changing their society?
Pastoral peoples of the Inner Asian steppes
What could pastoral peoples of the Inner Asian steppe now able to do with the art of horseback riding?
accumulate and tend larger herds of horses, sheep, and goats and move more rapidly over a much wider territory
What were some of the new innovations learned by pastoral peoples that adapted their societies, added mastery of their environment and created a common culture in the region?
Complex horse harnesses, saddles with iron stirrups, a small compound bow that could be fired from horseback, various forms of armor, and new kinds of swords
What did a Roman historian note about the Huns?
“From their horses, by day and night every one of that nation buys and sells, eats and drinks, and bowed over the narrow neck of the animal relaxes in a sleep so deep as to be accompanied by many dreams.”
What enabled pastoral peoples to make their most visible entry onto the stage of world history?
Their military potential of horseback riding, and of camel riding somewhat later
The mastery of what made it possible a long but intermittent series of pastoral empires across the steppes of inner Eurasia and parts of Africa?`
Mounted warfare
What people were associated with a pastoral empire, located in the Mongolian steppes north of China?
Xiongnu
What did the Xiongnu create in the third and second centuries B.C.E. when provoked by Chinese penetration into their territory?
A huge military confederacy
Who was the leader of the Xiongnu Empire?
Modun
With power more concentrated in a divinely sanctioned ruler the differences between what became more prominent?
“junior” and “senior” clans
What did Modun declare about people who drew the bow?
“All the people who draw the bow have now become one family.”
