Chapter 18 Test Flashcards
In mid-1967, what person was on summer break from a teaching assignment with the Peace Corps in Ethiopia and was traveling with some friends in neighboring Kenya, just four years after that country had gained its independence from British colonial rule?
Robert Strayer
What raw materials and agricultural products came from the American Midwest and southern Russia; from Central America; from Brazil?
Wheat from American Midwest and southern Russia; bananas from Central America; rubber from Brazil
What raw materials and agricultural products came from Argentina; from West Africa; from South Africa?
meat from Argentina; cocoa and palm oil from West Africa; gold and diamonds from South Africa
What raw materials and agricultural products came from Ceylon; from Southeast Asia?
tea, copra, and coconut oil from Ceylon; gutta-percha, a natural latex used to insulate underwater telegraph lines from Southeast Asia
What animal is used to portray the British Empire and it’s colonies?
an octopus; whose tentacles are attached to many countires
By 1840, Britain was exporting what percentage of its cotton-cloth production, annually sending 200 million yards to Europe, 300 million yards to Latin America, and 145 million yards to India?
60 percent
Between 1910 and 1913, how much of their savings was Britain sending overseas as foreign investment?
about half of its savings
In 1914, how many pounds sterling did Britain invest abroad, about equally divided between Europe, North America, and Australia on the one hand and Asia, Africa, and Latin America on the other?
3.7 Billion pounds sterling
What English imperialist confided his fears to a friend in the late 19th century, saying that if you wish to avoid civil war, then you must become an imperialist?
Cecil Rhodes
By 1871, the unification of what countries made Europe’s already-competitive international relations even more so, and much of this rivalry spilled over into the struggle for colonies or economic concessions in Asia, Africa, and Pacific Oceania?
Italy and Germany
Colonies and spheres of influence abroad became symbols of what status for a nation, and their acquisition was a matter of urgency?
Great Power
What appealed on economic and social grounds to the wealthy or ambitious, seemed politically and strategicaly necessary in the game of international power politics, and was emotionally satisfying to almost everyone?
imperialism
What type of ship, moving through the new Suez Canal, completed in 1869, allowed Europeans to reach distant Asian, African, and Pacific ports more quickly?
steam-driven ships
What made possible almost instant communication with far-flung outposts of empire?
the underwater telegraph
The discovery of what to prevent malaria greatly reduced European death rates in the tropics?
quinine
What weapons vastly widened the military gap between Europeans and everyone else?
Breech-loading rifles and machine guns
In earlier centuries, how did Europenas define others in religious terms?
They were heathen; “we” were Christian
Europeans sometimes even saw more technologically simple people as what?
uas “noble savages”
What did Europeans develop that fused with or in some cases replaced their notions of religious superiority?
secular arrogance
The Chinese originally highly praised, were reduced to what image in the 19th century?
John Chinaman-weak, cunning, obstinately conservative, and, in large numbers, a distinct threat, represented by the “yellow peril” in late 19th century European thinking
African socities, were demoted in the 19th century by Europeans eyes to what status?
to the status of tribes led by chiefs as a means of emphasizing their “primitive” qualities
People of Pacific Oceania and elsewhere were regarded as what?
big children who lived “closer to nature” than their civilized counterparts
Upon visiting Tahiti in 1768, what French explorer concluded; “ I thought I was walking in the Garden of Eden.”
Bougainville
Europeans viewed the culture and achievements of Asian and African peoples through the prism of a new kind of racism, expressed now in terms of what?
modern science
What types of scientists used allegedly scientific methods and numerous instruments to classify the size and shape of human skulls and concluded, not surprisingly, that those of whites were larger and therefore more advanced?
Phrenologists, craniologists, and sometimes physicians
Biologists applied notions of rank to varieties of human beings, with the whites on top and the less developed “_______ ______” beneath them.
child races
Who declared “Race is everything, civilization depends on it?”
British anatomist Robert Knox in 1850
Who declared, “Superior races have a right, because they have a duty, they have the duty to civilize the inferior races?”
French politician Jules Ferry in 1883
The century and a half between 1750 and 1914 was a second and quite distinct round of that larger process focused on what?
Asia, Africa, and Oceania rather than in the Western Hemisphere
Who said, “Whatever happens we have got the Maxim gun [an automatic machine gun] and they have not.”
English writer Hilaire Belloc
Who played the leading role in the colonial takeover of South Asia?
the British East India Company
What pitted half a dozen European powers against one another as they partitioned the entire continent among themselves in only about 25 years?
the “scramble for africa”
How long did it take the French to finally conquer the recently created West African Empire led by Samori Toure?
16 years
What difficult situation for the British lay in South Africa, where they were defeated by what army?
By a Zulu army in 1879 at the Battle of Isandlwana
What people in what war, were white descendants of the earlier Dutch settlers in South Africa, who fought bitterly for three years before succumbing to British forces?
the Boers in the Boer War
For what economic goods were Europeans and Americans drawn to the world of Pacific Oceania?
coconut oil, guano, mineral nitrates and phosphates, sandalwood, sperm whale oil, etc.
Chile, in search of valuable guano and nitrates, entered the fray and gained a number of coastal islands as well as what island, the easternmost island of Polynesia?
Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
How was the colonization of Australia and New Zealand in 19th century similar to colonization of North America?
both places, conquest was accompanied by large-scale European settlement and diseases that reduced native numbers by 75 percent or more by 1900
Like Canada and the United States, what did Australia and New Zealand become?
neo-European societies in the Pacific
Aboriginal Australians constituted only _____ percent of their country’s population in the early 21st century, and the indigenous Maori were a minorty of about ______ percent in New Zealand.
2.4 percent; 15 percent
In what isolated regions did disease take a terrible toll on peoples who lacked immunities to European pathogens?
Plynesis, Amazonia, Siberia
In Polynesis the population of Hawaii declined from around 142,000 in 1823 to only what in 1896?
39,000
On what were Indians confined to and in boarding schools to which many of their children were removed, reformers sought to “civilize” the remaining Native Americans, eradicating tribal life and culture, under the slogan “Kill the Indian and Save the Man”
reservations
Some 13,000 freed U.S. slaves, seeking greater freedom, migrated to West Africa, where they became a colonizing elite in the land they named what?
Liberia
Ethiopia considerably expanded its own empire, even as it defeated Italy at what famous battle in 1896?
Battle of Adowa in 1896
After extended resistance against French aggression, what 19th century Vietnamese emperor argued with those who wanted the struggle to go on?
Tu Duc
The rulers of what East African kingdom saw opportunity in the British presence and negotiated an arrangement that substantially enlarged their state and personally benefited the kingdom’s elite class?
kingdom of Buganda
Who was a senior Vietnamese official, who retired to his ancestral village to farm and write poetry after the French conquest?
Nguyen Khuyen
In French West Africa, an area eight times the size of France and with a population of about 15 million in the late 1930s, the colonial state consited of how many French administrators and more than 50,000 African “chiefs”
385
What was the most famous of the rebellions which was triggered by the introduction into the colony’s military forces of a new cartridge smeared with animal fat from cows and pigs?
Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858
White men expected to be addressed as what, which was Swahili for “master”) whereas Europeans regularly called African men “boy.”
bwana
What colonized people were gendered as masculine or “martial races” and targeted for recruitment into British military or police forces?
Sikhs and Gurkhas in India, the Kamba in Kenya, and the Hausa in Nigeria
What did the colonial state have the power to do?
to tax, to seize land for European enterprises, to compel labor, and to build railroads, ports and roads
What did the world economy increasingly demand of?
gold, diamonds, copper, tin, rubber, coffee, cotton, sugar, cocoa, and many other products
In French Africa, all “natives” were legally obligated for what?
for “statute labor” of ten to twelve days a year, a practice that lasted through 1946.
Where did the most infamous cruelties of forced labor occur that happened in the early 20th century, where they were governed personally by King Leopold II of Belgium?
in the Congo Free State
Private companies in the Congo, operating under the authority of the state, forced villagers to do what?
to collect rubber, which was much in demand for bicycle and automobile tires, with a reign of terror and abuse that cost millions of life
In the late 19th and early 20 century commerce in what, made possible by the massive use of forced labor in both the Congo and the neighboring Germany colony of Cameroon, laid the foundations for the modern AIDS epidemic?
rubber and ivory
In southeastern Cameroon, the virus causing AIDS made the jump from chimpanzees to humans, and it was in the in what crowded and hectic Congolese city, with its new networks of sexual interaction, where that disease found its initial breakout point, becoming an epidemic?
Kinshasa
A variation on the theme of forced labor took shape in what so-called cultivation system during the 19 century?
of the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia)
What percentage of Peasant’s land in cash crops such as sugar or coffee were they required to cultivate to meet their tax obligation to the state?
20 percent
What system enabled the Dutch to avoid taxing its own people which in turn provided capital for its Industrial Revolution?
the cultivation system
Where did colonial authorities in the 19 century impose the cultivation of cotton, which seriously interfered with production of local food crops?
German East Africa
What did the conditions in German East Africa prompt that persuaded the Germans to end the forced growing of cotton?
a massive rebellion in 1904-1905, known as Maji Maji
Where were the Portuguese brutally enforcing cotton cultivation?
Mozambique
What were the trade items desired in Asia and Africa from West Africa, Egypt, Indonesia, and India?
peanuts and palm oil in West Africa; cotton in Egypt, spices in Indonesia, and pepper and textiles in India
Where were British authorities acted to encourage rice production among small farmers by ending an earlier prohibition on rice exports, providing irrigation, and transportation facilities, etc?
Burma
Under the conditions imposed by British authorities, what population boomed, migrants from Upper Burma and India poured into the region, and rice exports soared?
Irrawaddy Delta
What French colonial settlement, had developments that involved the destruction of mangrove forests and swamplands along with the fish and shell-fish that supplemented local diets?
Mekong River Delta of French-ruled Vietnam
New dikes and irrigation channels inhibited the depositing of silt from upstream and thus depleted soils in the deltas of these major river systems in French-ruled Vietnam, causing what gas to release?
methane gas, a major contributor to global warming
Where did profitable cash-crop farming also develop, which was a British territory in West Africa, where African farmers themselves took the initiative to develop export agriculture?
in the southern Gold Coast (present-day Ghana)
Planting what trees in huge quantities, in the southern Gold Coast, allowed them too become the world’s leading supplier of this material by 1911?
cacao tree; allowing them to become the world’s leading supplier of chocolate
What settler colonies of Africa, where permanent European communities, with the help of colonial governments, obtained huge tracts of land
Algeria, Kenya, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and South Africa
A 1913 law in South AFrica legally defined what?
88 percent of the land as belonging to whites, who were then about 20 percent of the population
What enormously rich agricultural region that was home to the Gikuyu and Kamba peoples, was taken over by some 4,000 white farmers?
highland Kenya
Some Africans stayed on the land of white farmers as what, working for the new landowners as the price of remaining on what had been their own land?
squatters
In South Africa, reserved areas for natives known as what, became greatly overcroded, soil fertility declined, forests shrank, and erosion scarred the land?
Bantustans
What mines of South Africa likewise set in motion a huge pattern of labor migration that encompassed all of Africa south of the Belgian Congo?
gold and diamond mines
How many Indians and Chinese migrated variously to Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, East and South Africa, the Cribbean?
29 million Indians and 19 million Chinese
Large plantations all across Southeast Asia grew what?
sugarcane, rubber, tea, tobacco, sisal (for rope)
What percentage of a man’s wage did women receive on these plantations?
50 to 75 percent of
In 1927 in southern Vietnam ____ in ______ plantation workers died.
1 in 20
British colonial authorities in India facilitated the migration of millions of Indians to work sites to what places in the British Empire?
Trinidad, Jamaica, Fiji, Malaysia, Ceylon, South Africa, Kenya, and Uganda
In what British-ruled settlement, was tin mining accelerating greatly in 19th century, and by 1895 that colony produced 55 percent of the world’s tin?
Malay States (Malaysia)
What gold rushes attracted hundreds of thousands of Chinese, who found themselves subject to sharp discrimination from local people?
of Australia and California
What person, who led a California anti-immigrant labor organization with the slogan “The Chinese must go,” was himself an Irish-born immigrant?
Dennis Kearney
What did colonial Southeast Asian cities did African and Asian migrants go to?
Lagos, Nairobi, Cairo, Calcutta, Rangoon, Batavia, Singapore, Saigon
What people occupied the top rungs of Southeast Asian cities?
Traditional elites, absentee landlords, and wealthy Chinese businessmen
What numerous jobs made up the urban poor of colonial cities?
construction workers, rickshaw drivers, food sellers, domestic servants, prostitutes, and others
In precolonial Africa, what were the duties of women?
almost everywhere active farmers, with responsibility for planting, weeding, and harvesting in addition to food preparation and child care
Among what people, men almost completely dominated the highly profitable cacao farming, whereas women assumed near total responsibility for domestic food production?
Among the Ewe people of southern Ghana
A study from Cameroon estimated that women’s working hours increased from 46 per week in precolonial times to what by 1934?
to more than 70
What place supplied much male labor to South Africa, married couples by the 1930s rarely lived together for more than two months at a time?
Botswana
Among what people, women introduced laborsaving crops, adopted new farm implements, and earned some money as traders?
Among the Luo of Kenya
By the 1930s what women in northern Nigeria had gained sufficient wealth as itinerant traders?
Nupe women
Among what people were men responsible for growing the prestigious yams, while women’s crops -cassava- came to have cash value during the colonial era?
some Igbo groups in southern Nigeria
Among what people, senior African men repeatedly petitioned the colonial authorities for laws and regulations that would criminalize adultery and restrict women’s ability to leave their rural villages?
Among the Shona in Southern Rhodesia
What were apart of the transportation infrastructure?
railroads, motorways, ports, telegraphs, postal services
Paraphrasing a famous teaching of Jesus, what person, the first prime minister of an independent Ghana, declared, “Seek ye first the political kingdom, and all these things [schools, factories, hospitals, for example] will be added to you?”
Kwame Nkrumah
Examples of groups and individuals who benefited from their new access to global markets?
Burmese rice farmers and West African cocoa farmers
What Western-educated people from northeastern India, boasted about dreaming in English and deliberately ate beef, to the consternation of their elders?
Bengalis
Leopold Senghor’s poem, “___ ______ ___ _______,” was written by Leopold, a highly educated West African writer and political leader, who enumerated the many crimes of colonialism and yet confessed, “I have a great weakness for France.”
A Prayer for Peace
Literate Christians in what East African kingdom referred with contempt to their “pagan” neighbors as “those who do not read”
Buganda
What Vietnamese teacher and nationalist, while awaiting execution in 1930 by the French, wrote about his earlier hopes of cooperation with the French and harmony?
Nguyen Thai Hoc
What Indian reformer spoke to his fellow Indians in 1877, saying how we are bound to Britain who came to our rescue, and India seems destined to sit at the feet of England?
Keshub Chunder Sen
Who wrote “My people of Africa, we were created in the image of God, but men have made us think that we are chickens, and we still think we are; but we are eagles. Stretch forth your wings and fly.”
the West African intellectual James Aggrey in the 1920s
Where in Oceania, did local authorities seek to strengthen their position by associating with Christian missionaries?
Fiji, Tonga, and Hawaii
Christianity under Africa incorporated African cultural practices and modes of worship, it was a 20th-century “_____ _________”
African Reformation
Who was India’s most influential religious figures of the 19th-century, who thought a revived Hinduism, shorn of its distortions, offered a means of uplifting the country’s village communities, which were the heart of Indian civilization?
Swami Vivekananda
As Europeans valued large empires and complex political systems, African intellectuals pointed out what ancient African kingdoms?
Ethiopia, Mali, Songhay, etc.
What French-educated scholar from Senegal, insisted that Egyptian civilization was, in fact, the work of black Africans and that Western civilization owed much to Egyptian influence and was therefore derived from Africa?
C. A. Diop
Who was a West African born in the West Indies and educated in the United States who later became a prominent scholar and political official in Liberia?
Edward Blyden - who accepted the assumption that the world’s various races were different but each had its own distinctive contribution to the world.
Contact with what American black leaders stimulated among a few a sense of belonging to an even larger pan-African world?
Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, and Marcus Garvey
What was the most important new sense of belonging that evolved from the colonial experience?
it was the idea of “tribe” or, in the language of contemporary scholars, that of ethnic identity
When the British began to rule the peoples living where, in present-day Tanzania, they found a series of communities that were similar to one another in language and customs but that governed themsevles separate?
on the northern side of Lake Tanganyika
How did the British attempt to rule the people of Lake Tanganyika as a single people?
through a “paramount chief” and later through a council of chiefs and elders, that resulted in their being called, collectively, the Nyakyusa
