Chapter 10 Part-Two Flashcards
What is the traditional date marking the collapse of the Roman empire?
476, when the German general Odoacer overthrew the last Roman emperor in the West.
What reduced Western Europe’s population by more than 25 percent?
Disease and warfare
Land under cultivation contracted with the fall of Rome while what expanded?
Forests, marshland, and wasteland expanded
Rome at its height was a city of 1 million people, but by the tenth century, it numbered perhaps ____?
10,000
What Germanic peoples, who the Romans had viewed as barbarians now emerged as the dominant peoples of Western Europe?
Goths, Visigoths, Franks, Lombards, Angles, Saxons
What regional kingdoms arose to replace Roman authority?
led by Visigoths in Spain, Franks in France, Lombards in Italy, and Angles and Saxons in England
Who was Woden?
their god of war
What did the funeral monument of a person who was Germanic but deeply influenced by the Romans inscribes?
“I am a Frank by nationality, but a Roman soldier under arms.”
What Visigoth ruler married a Roman noblewoman, and gave voice to the continuing attraction of Roman culture and its empire?
Athaulf
What was the name of the ruler of the Carolingian Empire who erected an embryonic imperial bureaucracy, standardized weights and measures, and began to act like an imperial ruler?
Charlemagne
On Christmas Day of the year 800, who was crowned as a new Roman emperor by the pope, although his realm splintered shortly after his death?
Charlemagne
Who gathered much of Germany under his control, saw himself as renewing Roman rule, and was likewise invested with the title of the emperor by the pope?
Otto I of Saxony
What was Otto I’s realm subsequently known as?
known as the Holy Roman Empire, which was largely limited to Germany and soon proved little more than a collection of quarreling principalities. Blended Roman and Germanic elements.
With the new kingdoms, a highly fragmented and decentralized society known as what?
feudalism emerged with great local variation
In thousands of independent, self-sufficient, and largely isolated landed estates or manors, power - political, economic, and social - was exercised by whom?
by a warrior elite of landowning lords
Lesser lords and knights swore allegiance to greater lords or kings and became their what?
their vassals, frequently receiving lands and plunder in return for military service
Roman-style slavery gradually gave way to what?
serfdom
Unlike slaves, serfs were not the what?
personal property of their masters, could not be arbitrarily thrown off their land, and were allowed to live in families
What did one family on a manor near Paris in the ninth century owe?
four silver coins, wine, wood, three hens, and fifteen eggs per year
What filled the vacuum left by the collapse of empire?
Church, later known as Roman Catholic, yet another link to the now-defunct Roman world
How was the Roman Catholic hierarchically organized?
of popes, bishops, priests, and monasteries and were modeled on that of the Roman Empire and took over some of its political, administrative, educational, and welfare functions.
What language was that of the Church and even gave way to various vernacular languages in common speech?
Latin
What type of strategy did numerous missionaries pursue?
a “top-down” strategy
Amulets and charms to ward of evil became medals with what image?
image of Jesus or the Virgin Mary
December 25 was selected as the birthday of Jesus why?
for it was associated with the winter solstice, the coming of more light, and the birth or rebirth of various deities in pre-Christian European traditions
In the fifth century C.E., who had penetrated as far as France and briefly, under the leadership of Attila, eastern Europe?established a large state across much of Central and
Central Asian Huns
In the ninth and tenth centuries, what groups invasions from the east and Viking incursions from the north likewise disrupted and threatened post-Roman Europe?
Magyar
After 750, what reached its peak in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, enhancing agricultural production, especially in northern and highland regions?
generally warming trend
What was a new phase of European civilization from 1000-1300 that signs of expansion and growth were widely evident?
High Middle Ages
The population of Europe grew from perhaps 35 million in 1000 to about what in 1340?
80 million
By 1300, the forest cover of Europe had been reduced to about what?
20 percent of the land area
What did the French king Philip IV declare in 1289?
“Today each and every river and waterside of our realm, large and small, yields nothing.”
One center of commercial activity lay in Northern Europe from England to the Baltic coast and involved the exchange of what?
wood, beeswax, furs, rye, wheat, salt, cloth, and wine
Other major trading networks centered on northern Italian towns such as what?
Florence, Genoa, and Venice
The northern Italian towns trading partners were that of Islam and Byzantium and the primary objectives of trade included what?
silk, drugs, precious stones, and spices from Asia
In great trading fairs, like in the ____ area of France near Paris, merchants from Northern and Southern Europe met to exchange the products of their areas, such as northern woolen for Mediterranean spices
Champagne
In the early 1300s, what were the populations of London, Paris, and Venice respectively?
London 40,000 people, Paris 80,000, and Venice by the end of 14th century had 150,000 people.
The towns gave rise to and attracted new groups of people, in particular, whom?
merchants, bankers, artisans, and university-trained professionals such as lawyers, doctors, and scholars
What did people organize themselves into?
guilds (associations of people pursuing the same line of work)
Women were active in a number of urban professions such as what?
weaving brewing, milling grains, midwifery, small-scale retailing, laundering, spinning, and prostitution
What woman lent a large sum of money to the king of England to finance a war against Scotland in 1318?
Rose Burford
What twelfth-century abbess, won wide acclaim for her writings on theology, medicine, botany, and music?
Hildegard of Bingen
What was a religious opportunity for women, operating outside of monastic life and the institutional church, was that of whom?
Beguines, which was a group of lay-women, often from poorer families in Northern Europe, who lived together, practiced celibacy, and devoted themselves to weaving and to working with the sick, the old, and the poor.
What replaced the hand-grinding previously undertaken by women?
Water and animal-powered grain mills
By 1300, much of the independence that such abbesses and their nuns had enjoyed was what?
was curtailed and male control tightened, even as veneration of the Virgin Mary swept across Western Christendom
What was the name of the English mystic and anchoress who acquired considerable public prominence and spiritual influence?
Julian of Norwich, even as she emphasized the feminine dimension of the Divine and portrayed Jesus as a mother, who “feeds us with Himself.”
Men were no longer able to function as warriors protecting their women, men increasingly defined themselves as what?
as “providers”; a man’s role was to brave the new marketplaces “to win wealth for himself and his children”
In a popular tale, what did a woman praise her husband for?
“he was a good provider; he knew how to rake in the money and how to save it.”
