Final Part 1 Flashcards
Who was the German priest who posted his 95 theses on a church door in 1517 to protest unjust Catholic practices, such as indulgences (payments for a ticket out of purgatory)? He started the Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther
Who was the king of England (r. 1509 - 1547) who created the Church of England (Anglican) so that he could allow himself to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon?
Henry VIII
Who started a reformation in Geneva called Calvinism, which emphasized predestination. Converted to Protestant Christian?
John Calvin
What council held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent, was a council of the Catholic Church prompted by the Protestant Reformation that started the Counter-Reformation?
Council of Trent
What was inflicted in early modern Europe and was especially prominent in regions like the Rhineland where tensions between Protestants and Roman Catholics ran high?
Witch-hunting
What was a huge flotilla consisting of 130 ships and 30,000 men sent by King Philip II of Spain to dethrone the Protestant Queen Elizabeth?
Spanish Armada
What was the Revolution where parliament got rid of King James II.? And placed the king’s daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange, to take the throne, where they ruled with parliament and guarantee nobles, merchants, and others to be represented in government?
Glorious Revolution
Who waged a campaign against the Roman Catholic Church because of their fanaticism, intolerance, and suffering against people. His battle cry was écrasez l’infame - “crush the damned thing” ( because he considered the church as an agent of oppression)?
Voltaire
What people allied themselves with native tribes in America, explorers such as Cortés did this in order to communicate with Mayan and Nahuatl people and played a major role in the conquest of the Aztec empire?
Spanish
What people were stronger than people in the Americas and the Pacific Islands so they could enjoy complete or partial immunity to diseases that caused demographic disasters when introduced to the Western Hemisphere and Oceania?
Europeans
Who was a Spanish conquistador that lead the conquest of the Inca empire, where he killed the Incan emperor Atahualpa but first made Atahualpa give him gold, setting out in 1530 with 180 soldiers?
Pizarro
What was the high court in Madrid, Spain, that was a very important government institution of Spanish colonial America? (They conducted viceroy’s decisions and policies. They were staffed by highly educated lawyers.)
Audiencias
Which established settlement in the Americas by the Europeans experienced food shortages and disease that became so severe that only 60 of the 500 inhabitants survived winter from 1609-1610; some settlers went so far as to disinter corpses and consume flesh of their neighbors?
Jamestown
What people were migrants that were born from Europe (those who came from the Iberian Peninsula) and came to both Spanish and Portuguese; stood at the top of the social hierarchy?
peninsularies
What system in the seventeenth century that took shape by which the owners of large estates directly employed native workers. With low wages, high taxes, and large debts to the landowners, Peons worked on these estates with little control over their lives or their livelihood?
haciendas
What type of plantation was established by the Portuguese nobles and entrepreneurs, in regions without the administrative machinery to recruit workers and relied on imported African slaves as laborers?
Sugar Plantations
European mariners first frequented North America in search of fish, while fish was a profitable enterprise, trade in what product became more lucrative(produces a lot of money)?
Fur Trade - Fur trade in North America generated tremendous conflict. American beaver populations declined rapidly due to trappers invading their territory.
Europeans explored what place in the 17th and 18th century, where the aboriginals of that place established many district foraging and fishing societies?
Australia
What type of commerce did not put an end to the trans-Saharan caravan trade that linked west Africa to the Mediterranean, but helped promote the emergence of prosperous port cities and the establishment of powerful coastal kingdoms that traded through the ocean rather than the desert?
Maritime trade
In 1591 a musket-bearing Moroccan army trekked across the Sahara and opened fire on what previously invincible military machine?
Songhay - forces withered under the attack, and subject peoples took the opportunity to revolt against Songhay domination
Who was the King of Kongo who went to Portugal for education and gained an interest in Christianity/Catholicism? (He was described as so engrossed in the teachings of the Lord that he often forgot to eat and drink.)
Nzinga Mbemba
What kingdom in Africa built a fortified city in between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, dominating the gold-bearing plains in that area?
Zimbabwe - called Great Zimbabwe and was located near the modern Zimbabwe city of Nyanda.
Who gained reputation by working miracles and curing diseases: taught that Jesus was a black African man, that congo was the true holy land of Christianity, and that heaven was for Africans?
Dona Beatriz
