Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet1 Flashcards
Who thought that: “Industrialization is, I am afraid, going to be a curse for mankind…God forbid that India should ever take to industrialism…The economic imperialism… [of] England is today [1928] keeping the world in chains.”?
the famous Indian nationalist and spiritual leader Mahatma Gandhi
Who led his country to independence from British colonial rule by 1947?
Mahatma Gandhi led India
When did the Industrial take place?
in the century and a half between 1750 and 1900
What energy resources derived from outside of the biosphere?
coal, oil, gas, and the nucleus of atoms
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin, which was independent of others?
in Western Europe, more specifically Great Britain
How did the human population increase in the early 19th century from its 375 million people in 1400?
increased to about 1 billion people
What were the nonrenewable fossil fuels that were now used?
coal, oil, and natural gas
What renewable energy sources were replaced by the nonrenewable fossil fuels?
wind, water, wood, and the muscle power of people and animals
What also sustained the Industrial Revolution that came from the islands off the coast of Peru and another in South America and Pacific Oceania?
guano, or seabird excrement; and nitrates and phosphates
IN 1858, what river running through London smelled so bad that the British House of Commons had to suspend its session?
the Thames River
What romantic poets inveighed against the “dark satanic mills” of industrial England and nostalgically urged a return to the “green and pleasant land” of an earlier time?
William Blake and William Wordsworth
The Industrial Revolution marked a new era in both human history and the history of the planet that scientists increasingly call what?
the Anthropocene, or the “age of man”
In Britain, where the Industrial Revolution began, how much did the industrial output increase by between 1750 and 1900?
fiftyfold
What technological innovations, which was not simply what inventions, but a “culture of innovation?”
the spinning jenny, power loom, steam engine, or cotton gin
IN the 18th century, Britain, was focused in innovations in what?
in textile production
What was the great breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution for Britain, that provided an inanimate and almost limitless source of power beyond that of wind, water, or muscle, and could drive any number of machines as well as locomotives and oceangoing ships?
coal-fired steam engine
The Industrial Revolution spread beyond the textile industry to what?
to iron and steel production, railroads and steamships, food processing, and construction
In the 19th century, what took place that was focused on chemicals, electricity, precision machinery, the telegraph and telephone, rubber, printing, and much more?
a so called second Industrial Revolution
What innovations affected agriculture from the ancient ways?
mechanical reapers, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and refrigeration
What system in the U.S. encouraged invention and was very influential to our development?
the patent system
What patent in the U.S. grew from 5 per year before 1840 to 30 to 40 per year by end of the century?
horseshoe
What new industries emerged because oil, natural gas, and nuclear reactions became more available?
in automobiles, airplanes, consumer durable goods, electronics, computers, etc.
What was one theory to why the Industrial Revolution began in Britain but was later disproved?
It argued that Europeans have been distinguished for several thousand years by restless, creative, and freedom-loving culture with its roots in the aristocratic warlike societies of early Indo-European invaders
Between 750 and 1100 C.E., what people generated major advances in shipbuilding, the use of tides and falling water to generate power, papermaking, textile production, chemical technologies, water mills, clocks, and much more?
the Islamic world
What place had long been the center of cotton textile production, the first place to turn sugarcane juice into crystallized sugar, and the source of many agricultural innovations and mathematical inventions?
India
To the Arabs of the 9th century, India was what?
a “place of marvels”
What country was clearly the world leader in tech innovations between 700 and 1400 C.E., prompting various scholars to suggest that they were on the edge of an industrial revolution by 1200 or so?
China
What did Europe not enjoy as late as 1750?
Europe did not enjoy any overall economic advantage; saying that innovation started around the same time, “economic parity”
What is one reason why Industrialization began in Europe?
its many small and highly competitive states, taking shape in the 12 or 13 centuries, arguably provided an “insurance against economic and technological stagnation
What is another reason why Industrialization began in Europe?
the relative newness of these European states and their monarchs’ desperate need for revenue in the absense of an effective tax-collecting bureaucracy pushed European royals into unusual alliance with their merchant classes
In what countries did merchants actually control the state?
in Venice and Holland
What was Europe on their way toward before they experienced industrialization?
toward capitalist economies - where buying and selling on the market was a widely established practice
After 1500, how was Western Europe unique?
that region alone “found itself at the hub of the largest and most varied network of exchange in history.”
What did the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz encourage the Jesuit missionaries in China to do?
not to worry so much about getting things European to the Chinese but rather about getting remarkable Chinese inventions to us.
Where did the Europeans find a windfall of silver that allowed them to operate in Asian markets?
Americas
The popularity of what prompted imitation and innovation in England, France, and Holland?
Chinese porcelain and Japanese lacquerware
What country was the most highly commercialized of Europe’s larger countires with imperial possessions in the Caribbean, in North America, and in India?
Britain
A series of what agricultural innovations increased agricultural output, kept food prices low, and freed up labor from the countryside?
crop rotation, selective breeding of animals, lighter plows, higher-yielding seeds
What did the disappearence by the 18th century of guilds allow?
it allowed employers to run their manufacturing enterprises as they saw fit
What country, the earliest beneficiary of American wealth, was one of the slowest-industrializing European countries into the 20th century?
Spain
What did the British government do that helped all of Britain?
with laws that made it easy to form companies and to forbid workers’ unions, with roads and canals that helped create a unified internal market, and with patent laws that served to protect the interests of inventors
What provided a freer arena for private enterprise than elsewhere in Europe?
Checks on royal prerogative - trial by jury and the growing authority of Parliament
What association of “natural philosophers” (scientists) established in 1660, saw its role as promoting “useful knowledge.”
The British Royal Society
What did the British Royal Society establish?
mechanics’ libraries, published broadsheets and pamphlets on recent scientific advances, and held frequent public lectures and demonstrations
What was British science concerned with?
observation, experiment, precise measurements, mechanical devices, and practical commercfial applications
What did Britain have a ready supply of that contributed something to Britain’s Industrial Revolution?
the countries ready supply of coal and iron ore, located close to each other and within reach of major industrial centers
Although Britain fought against Napoleon, what helped to keep them from invasions that so many continental European states exeperienced during the era of the French Revolution?
the country’s island location protected it from the kind of invasions
The British textile industry, which used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, consumed how many pounds in 1850?
588 million pounds
Britain’s coal output soared from 5.23 million tons in 1750 to what a century later?
68.4 million tons
IN Britain, agriculture generated only 8 percent of national income in 1891 and employed fewer than what percentage of workers in 1914?
8 percent of working Britons
How did industrialization treat many people?
for many it was an enormously painful, even traumatic process, full of social conflict, insecurity, and false starts as well as new opportunities
Which dominant class in Britain declined as a result of the Industrial Revolution, and was demonstrated in the 1840s, when high tariffs on foreign agricultural imports were finally abolished?
the British aristocracy
How did the aristocracy feel about the empire?
described as a “system of outdoor relief for the aristocracy,” the empire provided a cushion for a declining class
What social class benefited the most from industrialization?
the middle class
What people were at the top of the middle class?
wealthy factory and mine owners, bankers, and merchants
What occupations were very numerous among the middle class?
smaller businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, journalists, scientists, and other professionals
What did the middle class favor?
they were liberals, favoring constitutional government, private property, free trade, and social reform within limits, their agitation resulted in the Reform Bill of 1832, which broadened the right to vote to many men of the middle class
The central value of “respectability,” was displayed in what famous book by the Scotsman Samuel Smiles, published in 1859?
Self-Help
