Chapter 18B Flashcards
What did the colonial state have the power to do?
to tax, to seize land for European enterprises, to compel labor, and to build railroads, ports and roads
What did the world economy increasingly demand of?
gold, diamonds, copper, tin, rubber, coffee, cotton, sugar, cocoa, and many other products
In French Africa, all “natives” were legally obligated for what?
for “statute labor” of ten to twelve days a year, a practice that lasted through 1946.
Where did the most infamous cruelties of forced labor occur that happened in the early 20th century, where they were governed personally by King Leopold II of Belgium?
in the Congo Free State
Private companies in the Congo, operating under the authority of the state, forced villagers to do what?
to collect rubber, which was much in demand for bicycle and automobile tires, with a reign of terror and abuse that cost millions of life
In the late 19th and early 20 century commerce in what, made possible by the massive use of forced labor in both the Congo and the neighboring Germany colony of Cameroon, laid the foundations for the modern AIDS epidemic?
rubber and ivory
In southeastern Cameroon, the virus causing AIDS made the jump from chimpanzees to humans, and it was in the in what crowded and hectic Congolese city, with its new networks of sexual interaction, where that disease found its initial breakout point, becoming an epidemic?
Kinshasa
A variation on the theme of forced labor took shape in what so-called cultivation system during the 19 century?
of the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia)
What percentage of Peasant’s land in cash crops such as sugar or coffee were they required to cultivate to meet their tax obligation to the state?
20 percent
What system enabled the Dutch to avoid taxing its own people which in turn provided capital for its Industrial Revolution?
the cultivation system
Where did colonial authorities in the 19 century impose the cultivation of cotton, which seriously interfered with production of local food crops?
German East Africa
What did the conditions in German East Africa prompt that persuaded the Germans to end the forced growing of cotton?
a massive rebellion in 1904-1905, known as Maji Maji
Where were the Portuguese brutally enforcing cotton cultivation?
Mozambique
What were the trade items desired in Asia and Africa from West Africa, Egypt, Indonesia, and India?
peanuts and palm oil in West Africa; cotton in Egypt, spices in Indonesia, and pepper and textiles in India
Where were British authorities acted to encourage rice production among small farmers by ending an earlier prohibition on rice exports, providing irrigation, and transportation facilities, etc?
Burma
Under the conditions imposed by British authorities, what population boomed, migrants from Upper Burma and India poured into the region, and rice exports soared?
Irrawaddy Delta
What French colonial settlement, had developments that involved the destruction of mangrove forests and swamplands along with the fish and shell-fish that supplemented local diets?
Mekong River Delta of French-ruled Vietnam
New dikes and irrigation channels inhibited the depositing of silt from upstream and thus depleted soils in the deltas of these major river systems in French-ruled Vietnam, causing what gas to release?
methane gas, a major contributor to global warming
Where did profitable cash-crop farming also develop, which was a British territory in West Africa, where African farmers themselves took the initiative to develop export agriculture?
in the southern Gold Coast (present-day Ghana)
Planting what trees in huge quantities, in the southern Gold Coast, allowed them too become the world’s leading supplier of this material by 1911?
cacao tree; allowing them to become the world’s leading supplier of chocolate
What settler colonies of Africa, where permanent European communities, with the help of colonial governments, obtained huge tracts of land
Algeria, Kenya, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and South Africa
A 1913 law in South AFrica legally defined what?
88 percent of the land as belonging to whites, who were then about 20 percent of the population
What enormously rich agricultural region that was home to the Gikuyu and Kamba peoples, was taken over by some 4,000 white farmers?
highland Kenya
Some Africans stayed on the land of white farmers as what, working for the new landowners as the price of remaining on what had been their own land?
squatters
In South Africa, reserved areas for natives known as what, became greatly overcroded, soil fertility declined, forests shrank, and erosion scarred the land?
Bantustans
