Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet1 Flashcards
Who said “In the 170-plus years since the Opium War of 1840, our great country has weathered untold hardships…Following the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial…society, and foreign powers stepped up their aggression against China.”
In 2011, Chinese president Hu Jintao
To Hu Jintao what was the only victory that enabled his country to finally excape from that shameful past of the Opium War?
Chinese Communist Party
The conflict, of Britain’s violent intrusion into China’s history in order to sell highly addictive opium to China’s people, marked the beginning of what?
what Chinese describe as a “century of humiliation.”
What places were not colonized by the aggressive and industrializing West?
Japan, the Ottoman Empire, Persia (now Iran), Ethiopia and Siam (now Thailand)
How were those not colonized still linked to Europe?
By languages, Christianity, modernity (scientific rationalism), and movements such as nationalism, socialism, feminism, individualism
In a famous letter to the British monarch, King George III, what Chinese emperor in 1793 sharply rejected British requests for a less restricted trading relationship with his country?
Chinese emperor Qianlong
What did emperor Qianlong call the chinese empire?
Our Celestial Empire
In 1912, what happened to China’s long-established imperial state?
It had collapsed, and the country had been transformed to a weak and dependent participant in European-dominated world system in which Great Britain was the major economic player
What did China’s population grow to in 1853 from 100 million people in 1685 and what enabled this growth?
430 million; American food crops
With population growth what tasks were the Chinese state unable to effectivley perform?
tax collection, flood control, social welfare, and public security
What did not take place in China that happened in Europe after a population spurt took place?
no Industrial Revolution, nor agricultural production, no internal expansion
The culmination of Cina’s internal crisis lay in what, which set much of the country aflame between 1850 and 1864?
Taiping Uprising
What did the Taiping Uprising largely reject?
Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, finding their primary ideology in a unique form of Christianity
Who was the leading figure of the Taiping Uprising and what did he proclaim himself to be?
Hong Xiuquan, who proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus, sent to cleanse the world of demons and to establish a “heavenly kingdom of great peace.”
What did the Taiping Uprising call to be taken into action?
abolition of private property, a radical redistribution of land, the end of prostitution and opium smoking, and the organization of society into sexually segregated military camps of men and women, promoted industrialization, education and health insurance
Who was Hong Xiuquan cousin, who developed plans for transforming China into an industrial nation, with railroads, health insurance, newspapers, and public education?
Hong Rengan
the Taiping Uprising posture toward women and gender roles was an outlook reflected in its origins where?
among the minority Hakka people of southern China, where women were notably less restricted than Confucian orthodoxy presribed
Taiping forces swept out of southern China and established their capital where in 1853?
Nanjing
Who rallied up and by 1864 crushed the peasant rebellions in China?
Qing Dynasty loyalists
How many people died as a result of the Taiping Uprising?
20 to 30 million
Nowhere was the shifting balance of global power in the 19th century more evident than in China’s changing relationship with Europe, a transformation that registered most dramatically in what?
the famous Opium Wars
Derived from Arab traders in the 8th century, what had long been used on a small scale as a drinkable medicine; it was regarded as a magical cure for dysentery and described by one poet as “fit for Buddha.”
opium
From 1,000 chests (each weighing roughly 150 pounds) in 1773, China’s opium imports exploded to more than how many chests in 1832?
23,000
What upright official led the campaign against opium use as a kind of “drug czar.”
Commissioner Lin Zexu
After Opium became illegal, how did it get into China?
it had to be smuggled, bribed to turn a blind eye to the illegal trade, many officials were corrupted
What treaty, ended the Opium war in 1842, largely on British terms, imposed numerous restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened five ports to European traders?
Treaty of Nanjing
Britain’s victory in a second Opium War was accompanied by what?
brutal vandalizing of the emperor’s exquisite Summer Palace outside Beijing and resulted in further humiliations
After the Second Opium War what word to describe the Europeans were Chinese forbidden to use?
barbarians
What did the Second Opium War allow British to do to the Chinese? open more ports to foreign traders, travel freely and buy land in China, and the ability to preach Christanity under the protection of Chinse authorities
Following military defeats at the hands of the French and Japanese, China lost control of what? Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan
What did many Chinese believe about their country? it was being carved up like a melon”
China’s encoutner with what had reduced the proud Middle Kingdom to dependency on the Western powers as it became part of a European based “informal empire.”
European imperialism
Known as what, China’s policies during the 1860s and 70s sought to reinvigorate a traditional China while borrowing cautiously from the West
self-strengthening
China’s failure of self-strengthening became apparent at the end of the century, when an anti-foreign movement known as what erupted in northern China?
Boxer Uprising
What did the militia of the Boxer Uprising call themselves?
the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, the “Boxers”
What were the National Rejuvenation Study Society, Society to Protect the Nation, and Understand the National Shame Society?
examples of Chinese people who organized themselves in clubs, study groups, and newspapers to explore alternative paths and to examine China’s desperate situation
Who was the rebellious daughter of a gentry family who left a husband and two children to study in Japan, who believed China will be unified once they were dismembered from the hands of foreign imperialists?
Qiu Jin - started a women’s journal, arguing that liberated women were essential for a strong Chinese nation
