Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet1 Flashcards
Who said “In the 170-plus years since the Opium War of 1840, our great country has weathered untold hardships…Following the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial…society, and foreign powers stepped up their aggression against China.”
In 2011, Chinese president Hu Jintao
To Hu Jintao what was the only victory that enabled his country to finally excape from that shameful past of the Opium War?
Chinese Communist Party
The conflict, of Britain’s violent intrusion into China’s history in order to sell highly addictive opium to China’s people, marked the beginning of what?
what Chinese describe as a “century of humiliation.”
What places were not colonized by the aggressive and industrializing West?
Japan, the Ottoman Empire, Persia (now Iran), Ethiopia and Siam (now Thailand)
How were those not colonized still linked to Europe?
By languages, Christianity, modernity (scientific rationalism), and movements such as nationalism, socialism, feminism, individualism
In a famous letter to the British monarch, King George III, what Chinese emperor in 1793 sharply rejected British requests for a less restricted trading relationship with his country?
Chinese emperor Qianlong
What did emperor Qianlong call the chinese empire?
Our Celestial Empire
In 1912, what happened to China’s long-established imperial state?
It had collapsed, and the country had been transformed to a weak and dependent participant in European-dominated world system in which Great Britain was the major economic player
What did China’s population grow to in 1853 from 100 million people in 1685 and what enabled this growth?
430 million; American food crops
With population growth what tasks were the Chinese state unable to effectivley perform?
tax collection, flood control, social welfare, and public security
What did not take place in China that happened in Europe after a population spurt took place?
no Industrial Revolution, nor agricultural production, no internal expansion
The culmination of Cina’s internal crisis lay in what, which set much of the country aflame between 1850 and 1864?
Taiping Uprising
What did the Taiping Uprising largely reject?
Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, finding their primary ideology in a unique form of Christianity
Who was the leading figure of the Taiping Uprising and what did he proclaim himself to be?
Hong Xiuquan, who proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus, sent to cleanse the world of demons and to establish a “heavenly kingdom of great peace.”
What did the Taiping Uprising call to be taken into action?
abolition of private property, a radical redistribution of land, the end of prostitution and opium smoking, and the organization of society into sexually segregated military camps of men and women, promoted industrialization, education and health insurance
Who was Hong Xiuquan cousin, who developed plans for transforming China into an industrial nation, with railroads, health insurance, newspapers, and public education?
Hong Rengan
the Taiping Uprising posture toward women and gender roles was an outlook reflected in its origins where?
among the minority Hakka people of southern China, where women were notably less restricted than Confucian orthodoxy presribed
Taiping forces swept out of southern China and established their capital where in 1853?
Nanjing
Who rallied up and by 1864 crushed the peasant rebellions in China?
Qing Dynasty loyalists
How many people died as a result of the Taiping Uprising?
20 to 30 million
Nowhere was the shifting balance of global power in the 19th century more evident than in China’s changing relationship with Europe, a transformation that registered most dramatically in what?
the famous Opium Wars
Derived from Arab traders in the 8th century, what had long been used on a small scale as a drinkable medicine; it was regarded as a magical cure for dysentery and described by one poet as “fit for Buddha.”
opium
From 1,000 chests (each weighing roughly 150 pounds) in 1773, China’s opium imports exploded to more than how many chests in 1832?
23,000
What upright official led the campaign against opium use as a kind of “drug czar.”
Commissioner Lin Zexu
After Opium became illegal, how did it get into China?
it had to be smuggled, bribed to turn a blind eye to the illegal trade, many officials were corrupted
What treaty, ended the Opium war in 1842, largely on British terms, imposed numerous restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened five ports to European traders?
Treaty of Nanjing
Britain’s victory in a second Opium War was accompanied by what?
brutal vandalizing of the emperor’s exquisite Summer Palace outside Beijing and resulted in further humiliations
After the Second Opium War what word to describe the Europeans were Chinese forbidden to use?
barbarians
What did the Second Opium War allow British to do to the Chinese? open more ports to foreign traders, travel freely and buy land in China, and the ability to preach Christanity under the protection of Chinse authorities
Following military defeats at the hands of the French and Japanese, China lost control of what? Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan
What did many Chinese believe about their country? it was being carved up like a melon”
China’s encoutner with what had reduced the proud Middle Kingdom to dependency on the Western powers as it became part of a European based “informal empire.”
European imperialism
Known as what, China’s policies during the 1860s and 70s sought to reinvigorate a traditional China while borrowing cautiously from the West
self-strengthening
China’s failure of self-strengthening became apparent at the end of the century, when an anti-foreign movement known as what erupted in northern China?
Boxer Uprising
What did the militia of the Boxer Uprising call themselves?
the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, the “Boxers”
What were the National Rejuvenation Study Society, Society to Protect the Nation, and Understand the National Shame Society?
examples of Chinese people who organized themselves in clubs, study groups, and newspapers to explore alternative paths and to examine China’s desperate situation
Who was the rebellious daughter of a gentry family who left a husband and two children to study in Japan, who believed China will be unified once they were dismembered from the hands of foreign imperialists?
Qiu Jin - started a women’s journal, arguing that liberated women were essential for a strong Chinese nation
How did the Qing dynasty respond to the pressure of Chinese nationalism?
a flurry of progressive imperial edicts in 1898, known as the Hundred Days of Reform
The Ottoman Empire during the 19th century mounted increasingly ambitious programs of what that were earlier, more sustained, and far more vigorous than the timid and halfhearted measures of the Chinese?
defensive modernization
Among the great powers of the West, what was the Ottoman Empire known as?
the sick man of Europe
IN 1798, who invaded Egypt, a province of the Ottoman Empire, and took a stunning blow at their empire?
Napoleon’s French army
How did Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti describe the French entry into Cairo?
they urinated and desecrated the mosque
What territories of the Ottoman Empire achieved independence based on their own surging nationalism and support from the British or the Russians?
Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania
What was a series of agreements between European countries and the Ottoman Empire which granted Westerners various exemptions from Ottoman law and taxation known as?
capitulations
What is one difference between China’s and the Ottoman’s collapse?
In China their was a massive population explosion
Ottoman reforms began in the late 18th century when what person sought to reorganize and update the army, drawing on European advisers and techniques?
Sultan Selim III
After 1839, more far-reaching reformist measures, known as what, took shape as the Ottoman leadership sought to provide the economic, social, and legal underpinnings for a strong and newly recentralized state?
Tanzimat (reorganization)
What now gave non-Muslims equal rights under the law during the Tanzimat of the Ottoman Empire?
an imperial proclamation of 1856
During the 1870s and 1880s, what prominent female poet held weekly “salons” in which reformist intellectuals of both sexes participated?
Sair Nigar Hanim
A new class that included lower-level officials, military officers, writers, poets, and journalists, were dubbed what?
Young Ottomans; who were active during the mid 19th century, seeking change
In 1876, the Young Ottomans experienced a short-lived victory when what sultan accepted a constitution an elected parliament, but not for long?
Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
Opposition to this revived despotism of 1876, soon surfaced among both military and civilian elities known as what?
the Young Turks
What is despotism and who was exercising it?
the exercise of absolute power, especially in a cruel and oppressive way; the Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
What did the Young Turks advocate?
a militantly secular public life, modernization along European lines, and increasingly through the Ottoman Empire as a Turkish national state
Who said, “There is only one civilization, and that is European civilization, therefore we must borrow western civilization with both its rose and its thorn?”
Abdullah Cevdet, a prominent figure in the Young Turk movement
A military coup in 1908 finally allowed the Young Turks to exercise real power where they pushed for what?
a radical secularization of schools, courts, and law codes; permitted elections and competing parties; established a single Law of Family Rights for all; and encourage Turkish as the official language
What did the Young Turks grant for women?
opened modern schools - including access to Istanbul University; allowed women to wear Western clothing; restricted polygamy; and permitted divorces
By the beginning of the 20th century, both China and the Ottoman Empire, were what within the “informal empires” of Europe?
semi-colonies
In China, what happened that led to the end of it?
the collapse of the imperial system in 1912 which was followed by a vast revolutionary upheaval that by 1949 led to a communist regime within largely the same territorial space
What values of traditional Confucianism did rural China retain?
filial piety
The island country of Japan was confronted by what form of Western power during the 19th century?
of U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry’s “black ships,” which steamed into Tokyo Bay in 1853 and forcefully demanded that the nation open up to normal relations around the world
In the second half of the 19th century, Japan undertook a radical transformation of its own society known as what, turning it into a powerful, modern, united, industrialized nation?
a “revolution from above,”
Japan being turned into a superpower some have called what?
the “Japanese miracle”
Before Perry’s arrival in 1853, who was Japan governed by from the Tokugawa family who acted in the name of a revered but powerless emperor, who lived in Kyoto, 300 miles away from the seat of power in Edo (Tokyo)?
shogun (a military ruler)
What was the chief task of this Tokugawa shogunate?
to prevent the return of civil war among some 260 rival feudal lords (daimyo), each with samurai warriors
What was the capital of Japan?
Edo ( former name of Tokyo)
To further stabilize the country, the Tokugawa regime issued highly detalied rules governing the occupation, residence, dress, hairstyles, and behavior of what four hierarchically ranked status groups?
samurai at the top, then peasants, artisans, and, at the bottom, merchants
By 1750, what did Japan become, with about 10 percent of its population living in sizable towns or cities?
perhaps the world’s most urbanized country
Edo (Tokyo), had how many residents, among the world’s largest cities
perhaps a million
What percentage of Japanese population was literate because of influence of Confucianism?
40 percent of men and 15 percent of women able to read and write
The shogunate’s failure to deal with a severe famine and a mounting wave of local peasant uprisings and urban riots left what city in flames in 1837?
Osaka, its leader Oshio Heihachiro called for the punishment of the officials who tormented the people
The decisive turning point in Japan’s history was known as what, after a political takeover by a group of young samurai from southern Japan by 1868?
Meiji Restoration
The Meiji Restoration, claimed that they were restoring to power the young emperor, then a fifteen year old boy whose throne name was what?
Meiji or Enlightened rule
Despite Jeiji’s youth he was regarded as the most recent link in a chain of descent that traced the origins of the imperial family back to what sun goddess?
Amaterasu
The first task of Japan to modernize was what?
genuine national unity, which required the end of the semi-independent domains of the daimyo, replacing them with governors appointed by the national government
Who collected Japan, as a nation’s taxes and raised a national army based on conscription from all social classes
the central state
Western writers were translated into Japanese, for example Samuel Smiles who wrote what?
Self-Help, which focused on “achieving success and rising in the world”
What was the slogan in Japan which was found in the West?
Civilization and Enlightenment
Who was the most proiminent popularizer of Western knowledge who summed up the chief lesson of his studies in the mid-1870s - Japan was backward and needed to learn from the West?
Fukuzawa Yukichi
What did Japan create, that drew heavily on German experience, introduced an elected parliament, political parties, and democratic ideals, but was presented as a gift from a sacred emperor descended from the sun goddess?
the Constitution of 1889
What ancient religious tradition featuring ancestors and nature spirits, was elevated to the status of an official state cult in Japan?
Shinto
What widely read commentator called to end concubinage and prostitution, adovacating more education for girls and called for gender equality in marriage and property rights?
Fukuzawa Yukichi
What leading feminist, in 1882 undertook a two-month speaking tour, where she addressed huge audiences, arguing Only “equality and equal rights”, would allow Japan “to build a new society?
Kishida Toshiko
What took effect until 1922, forbade women from joining political parties and even from attending meetings where political matters were discussed?
A Peace Preservation Law of 1887
What accorded absolute authority to the male head while grouping all wives with “cripples and disabled persons” as those who “cannot undertake any legal action?”
the Civil Code of 1898
By the 20th century, Japan’s industrialization, became organized around a number of large firms, called what?
zaibatsu
What women, was hanged in 1911 for participating in a plot to assassinate the emperor?
Kanno Sugako
What now acknowledged Japan as an equal player among the Great Powers of the world, which revised the unequal treaties in Japan’s favor?
the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902
How was Japan’s victory over Russia in 1905 seen as in the Islamic World?
an “awakening of the East”
What Egyptian nationalist declared “We are amazed by Japan because it is the first Eastern government to utilize Western civilization to resist the shield of European imperialism in Asia.”
Mustafa Kamil
