Chapter 15 Part 1

Question 1

What Nigerian pastor is a missionary to the United States, with his mission field in the Bronx?

Answer 1

Daniel Ajayi-Adeniran, representing the Redeemed Christian Church of God, which began in Nigeria in 1952.

Question 2

In 1500, the world of Christendom occupied where?

Answer 2

stretched from Spain and England in the west to Russia in the east, with small and beleaguered commmunities of various kinds in Egypt, Ethiopia, southern India, and Central Asia

Question 3

How was the Christian world divided?

Answer 3

Between the Roman Catholics of the Western and Central Europe and the Eastern Orthodox of Eastern Europe and Russia

Question 4

In the early 16th century, what reformation shattered the unity of Roman Catholic Christianity, which fort the previous century, had provided the cultrual and oranizational foundation of an emerging Western European civilization.

Answer 4

Protestant Reformation

Question 5

When did the Protestant Reformation begin and how?

Answer 5

It began in 1517 when a German priest, Martin Luther, publicly invited debate about various abuses within the Roman Catholic Church

Question 6

What did Martin Luther, issue to debate the Roman Catholic Church?

Answer 6

he issued a document, known as the Ninety-Five Theses, allegedly nailing it to the door of a church in Wittenberg

Question 7

What are indulgences?

Answer 7

said to remove the penalties for sin by paying for them

Question 8

Why did some people criticize the Roman Catholic Church?

Answer 8

the luxury life of the popes, the corruption and immorality of some clergy, the Church’s selling of indulgences, and other aspects of church life and practice

Question 9

What did Luther believe?

Answer 9

that understanding and a relationship with God came through faith alone, and that neither the good works of the sinner nor the sacraments of the Church had any bearing on the eternal destiny of the soul, for faith was a free gift of God, graciously granted to his needy and undeserving people

Question 10

What did Luther’s ideas provoke, without his intention?

Answer 10

provoked a massive schism within the world of Catholic Christendom, for they came to express a variety of political, economic, and social tensions as well as religious differences

Question 11

What was the Protestant idea?

Answer 11

that all vocations were of equal merit, middle-class urban dwellers found a new religious legitimacy for their growing role in society

Question 12

As the Protestant movement spread to France, Switzerland, England, etc., it also splintered, amoeba-like into a variety of competing Protestant churches known as what?

Answer 12

Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist

Question 13

For more than thirty years, French society was torn by violence between Catholics and the Protestant minority known as what?

Answer 13

Huguenots

Question 14

On August 24, 1572, What did Catholic mobs do in Paris?

Answer 14

They massacred some 3,000 Huguenots, and thousands more perished in provincial towns in the weeks that followed

Question 15

What monarch issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598, granting a substantial measure of religious toleration to French Protestants, though with the intention that they would return to the Catholic Church?

Answer 15

Henry IV

Question 16

The culmination of European religious conflict took shape in what war, beginning in 1618, where a Catholic-Protestant struggle that began in the Holy Roman Empire eventually engulfed most of Europe?

Answer 16

Thirty Years’ War

Question 17

During the Thirty Years’ War, what percentage of the German population perished from violence, famine, or disease?

Answer 17

15 to 30 percent

Question 18

What brought the Thirty Years’ War to an end, with some reshuffling of boundaries and an agreement that each state was sovereign, authorized to control religious affairs within its own territory?

Answer 18

the Peace of Westphalia

Question 19

The Protestant breakaway provoked what?

Answer 19

a Catholic Reformation, or Counter-Reformation

Question 20

In what council, were Catholics clarified and reaffirmed their unique doctrines and practices?

Answer 20

Council of Trent

Question 21

What new religious order provided a dedicated brotherhood of priests committed to the renewal of the Catholic Church and its extension abroad?

Answer 21

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Question 22

What people planted a distinctive Protestant version of Christianity in North America, with an emphasis on education, moral purity, personal conversion, civic responsibility, and little tolerance for competing expressions of the faith?

Answer 22

New England Puritans

Question 23

How were Portuguese missionaries organized?

Answer 23

in orders such as the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits, spreading the word to Africa and Asia

Question 24

Where did the Spanish and French missionaries spread the Bible?

Answer 24

in the Americas

Question 25

Where did the Russian Orthodox Church spread the Bible?

Answer 25

with the expansion of the Russian Empire across Siberia, they spread to settlers and trappers

Question 26

Where did missionaries have great success which were areas that shared two critical elements beyond their colonization by Spain?

Answer 26

Spanish America and in the Philippines

Question 27

By 1700 what people had been baptized and saw themselves in some respects as Christians?

Answer 27

Native American peoples

Question 28

In 1535 what did the bishop of Mexico proudly claim?

Answer 28

that he had destroyed 500 pagan shrines and 20,000 idols

Question 29

During the 17th and 18th century, church authorities of the Andean region launched movements of what designed to fatally undermine native religion?

Answer 29

extirpation - destroying religious images and objects, urinated on “idols,” desecrated the remains of ancestors, flogged “idolaters,” and held religious trials and “processions of shame” aimed at humiliating offenders

Question 30

What native Peruvian nobleman in 1600 wrote on the posture of native women toward Christianity: “They do not confess; they do not attend catechism classes…nor do they go to mass…and resuming their ancient customs and idolatry, they do not want to serve God or the crown.”

Answer 30

Guaman Poma de Ayala

Question 31

What was the religious revivalist movement in central Peru in the 1560s known as?

Answer 31

Taki Onqoy (dancing sickness).

Question 32

What are the spirits of local gods called?

Answer 32

huacas

Question 33

Within the Andean Christian communities, women could offer what to strengthen a village church?

Answer 33

offer the blood of a llama or make a cloth covering for the Virgin Mary and a shirt for an image of a huaca with the same material

Question 34

What is the church-based association of laypeople, organized community professions and festivals and made provisions for proper funerals and burials for their members?

Answer 34

Cofradias

Question 35

How were Saints imagined?

Answer 35

as parents of the local community and the true owners of its land, and their images were paraded through the streets on special occassions

Question 36

Who was Mexico’s saint who neatly combined both Meso-american and Spanish notions of Diving Motherhood?

Answer 36

Virgin of Guadalupe

Question 37

Who was the leader of the church staff, who was native Christian of great local prestige, who carried on the traditions and role of earlier religious specialists?

Answer 37

Fiscal

Question 38

When did China encounter European Christianity?

Answer 38

Between the 16th and 18th century during the powerful and prosperous Ming and Qing dynasties

Question 39

Who was the most famous missionary of the Jesuits?

Answer 39

Matteo Ricci

Question 40

What were Jesuit missionaries appointed to head for a century?

Answer 40

the Chinese Bureau of Astronomy

Question 41

The Jesuits missionary efforts over the course of 250 years resulted in how many conversions of a the Chinese population approaching 300 million by 1800?

Answer 41

200,000 to 300,000 converts

Question 42

In 1715, an outraged Emperor Kangxi wrote what?

Answer 42

I ask myself how these uncultivated Westeners dare to speak of the great precepts of China…As from now I forbid the Westerners to spread their doctrine in China; that will spare us a lot of trouble?