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Anatomy > Unit Two: Urinary System > Flashcards

Unit Two: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three concentric layers that protect the kidney? (From inside-out)

A
  1. A fibrous capsule. 2. A layer of adipose tissue. 3. Collagen fibers extend outward from the inner fibrous capsule through the perinephric fat to a dense outer layer of connective tissue, the renal fascia.
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2
Q

What is the purpose of the renal fascia?

A

It anchors the kidney to surrounding structures and attaches to the deep fascia surrounding the muscles of the posterior body wall.

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3
Q

What surrounds the fibrous capsule in the kidney?

A

The perinephric fat or perirenal fat capsule.

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4
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

A nephron.

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5
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A
  1. Cortical. 2. Juxtameduallary.
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6
Q

What does the renal pelvis do?

A

Drains the kidney.

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7
Q

Where does each kidney receive blood from?

A

The renal artery.

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8
Q

What does the renal artery branch into when it reaches the renal sinus?

A

The segmental arteries.

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9
Q

What does the segmental arteries divide into?

A

The interlober arteries.

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10
Q

Where do the interlober arteries supply blood?

A

They radiate outward extending through the renal columns between the renal pyramids into the cortex.

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11
Q

What arteries do the interlober arteries supply?

A

The arcuate arteries.

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12
Q

What arteries branch off of the arcuate arteries?

A

The cortical radiate arteries.

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13
Q

What do the cortical radiate arteries supply? (2)

A
  1. Portions of the adjacent kidney lobe. 2. Numerous afferent arterioles branch from each cortical radiate artery to supply individual nephrons.
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14
Q

Where does blood enter after going through the nephron?

A

The cortical radiate (interlobular) veins.

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15
Q

Where does blood go after the cortical radiate veins? (2)

A
  1. Arcuate veins. 2. that empty into interlobar veins.
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16
Q

What do the interlober veins merge to form?

A

The renal vein.

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17
Q

What are the two main things sympathetic innervation results in in the kidney?

A
  1. Adjusts rates of urine formation by changing blood flow at the nephron. 2. Influences the composition of urine by stimulating the release of renin.
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18
Q

Where does blood arrive in the nephron and through what artery? By what artery or vein does blood leave?

A

At the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole. It leaves via the efferent artery.

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19
Q

From the renal corpuscle, where does the filtrate enter? (3)

A

A long tubular passageway that has 3 major subdivisions: 1. The proximal convoluted tubule. 2. The nephron loop. 3. The distal convoluted tubule.

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20
Q

What does filtration across the walls of the glomerulus produce?

A

A protein-free solution known as the glomerular filtrate, or simply filtrate.

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21
Q

What does each nephron empty into?

A

A collecting system.

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22
Q

What carries filtrate from the distal convoluted tubule toward a nearby collecting duct?

A

A connecting tubule.

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23
Q

Where do collecting ducts go and where do they carry filtrate?

A

They leave the cortex and descend into the medulla. They carry filtrate toward a papillary duct.

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24
Q

What does the papillary duct do?

A

Drains filtrate into the minor calyx in the renal pelvis.

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25
Q

What does each nephron consist of? (2)

A
  1. Renal corpuscle. 2. Renal tubule.
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26
Q

What does the renal corpuscle consist of? (2)

A

It includes the capillaries of the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule.

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27
Q

What is the outer wall of the glomerular capsule made up of? What is it called?

A

Simple squamous epithelium. It is the capsular outer layer (parietal layer).

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28
Q

What layer covers the glomerular capillaries?

A

The visceral layer.

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29
Q

What specialized cells are found in the visceral layer of the glomerular capillaries? What do they do?

A

Podocytes. They wrap around the glomerular capillaries.

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30
Q

What separates the parietal and visceral layers of the glomerular capsule?

A

The capsular space.

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31
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

A group of slender capillaries, absorb the water and return it to the general circulation.

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32
Q

What is the first part of the renal tubule?

A

The Proximal Convoluted Tubule.

33
Q

Describe the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule. Why is it lined with this kind of epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli on the apical surface. The microvilli increase the surface area for reabsorption.

34
Q

What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption. Its cells actively reabsorb organic nutrients, ions, and plasma proteins (if any) from the filtrate.

35
Q

When does the proximal convoluted tubule end?

A

As the renal tubule enters the medulla, marking the start of the nephron loop.

36
Q

What is the nephron loop divided into? (2)

A
  1. Descending limb. 2. Ascending limb.
37
Q

Describe the epithelium of the descending and ascending limb.

A

Simple squamous epithelium.

38
Q

Where does fluid flow toward in the ascending (thick) limb?

A

Toward the renal cortex.

39
Q

What does the ascending (thick) limb contain that the descending limb does not?

A

It contains active transport mechanisms that pump sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid.

40
Q

Where does the distal convoluted tubule ascend and enter?

A

It ascends out of the medulla of the kidney and enters the cortex.

41
Q

Where does the distal convoluted tubule pass between?

A

The afferent and efferent arterioles at the vascular pole.

42
Q

How does the distal convoluted tubule differ from the proximal convoluted tubule? (3)

A
  1. The DCT has a smaller diameter. 2. Its epithelial cells lack microvilli. 3. The boundaries between the epithelial cells in the DCT are easily seen.
43
Q

What separates adjacent renal pyramids?

A

Renal columns.

44
Q

What does a kidney lobe contain? (3)

A
  1. Renal pyramid. 2. Overlying area of renal cortex. 3. Adjacent tissues of the renal columns.
45
Q

How do the differences between the distal and proximal convoluted tubules show the differences in functions?

A

The PCT is involved in reabsorption, while the DCT is involved in secretion.

46
Q

What is the distal convoluted tubule an important site for? (3)

A
  1. Active secretion of ions, acids, and other materials. 2. Reabsorption of sodium and calcium ions from the tubular fluid. 3. Reabsorption of water, which helps concentrate the tubular fluid.
47
Q

What does the distal convoluted tubule open into?

A

The collecting system.

48
Q

Describe the epithelium of the collecting system.

A

It begins as simple cuboidal cells in the connecting tubules and changes to a columnar epithelium in the collecting and papillary ducts.

49
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

It helps regulate blood pressure and filtrate formation.

50
Q

Where are the parietal and visceral epithelia connected?

A

At the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.

51
Q

Where are the glomerular capillaries connected to the afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

At the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.

52
Q

In a cortical nephron where does the efferent arteriole deliver blood to? Where does the blood go next?

A

A network of peritubular capillaries, which surround the entire renal tubule. Afterwards, these capillaries drain into small venules that carry blood to the interlobular veins.

53
Q

Describe the layers of the kidney from outside-in. (3)

A
  1. Renal Cortex. 2. Renal Medulla. 3. Renal Sinus.
54
Q

What does the renal medulla consist of?

A

Renal pyramids.

55
Q

Where is urine produced?

A

In the kidney lobes.

56
Q

Where are renal papilla found? Where does it project?

A

It is the tip on the base of each pyramid faces the cortex. It projects into the renal sinus.

57
Q

Where do ducts within each renal papilla empty urine into?

A

A minor calyx.

58
Q

What is a major calyx?

A

The merging of around 5 minor calyx.

59
Q

What do the major calyces merge to form?

A

The renal pelvis.

60
Q

What is the renal pelvis connected to?

A

The ureter.

61
Q

Where does urine production begin?

A

In the nephron.

62
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the minor and major calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal portion of the urethra? Why?

A

Transitional epithelium because it tolerates cycles of distension and relaxation without damage.

63
Q

Are the ureters peritoneal, retroperitoneal, or secondarily retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal.

64
Q

What do the walls of the ureters consist of? (3)

A
  1. An inner mucosa lined by a transitional epithelium. 2. A middle muscular layer made up of inner longitudinal and outer circular layers of smooth muscle. 3. An outer adventitia that is continuous with the fibrous capsule of the kidney and the parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall.
65
Q

What constitutes the trigone?

A

The triangular area extending from the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra.

66
Q

What does the mucosa lining the urinary bladder usually have?

A

Rugae, or folds that disappear as the bladder stretches and fills.

67
Q

What does the trigone act as?

A

A funnel channeling urine into the urethra when the urinary bladder contracts.

68
Q

What is the neck of the urinary bladder?

A

The region surrounding the urethral opening.

69
Q

What does the neck of the urinary bladder contain?

A

A muscular internal urethral sphincter.

70
Q

What does the internal urethral sphincter provide?

A

The smooth muscle of the internal urethral sphincter provides involuntary control over the discharge of urine from the bladder.

71
Q

What are the detrusor?

A

The three layers of smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder.

72
Q

What happens when the detrusor contracts?

A

It compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine into the urethra.

73
Q

What are the three portions of the male urethra?

A
  1. The prostatic urethra. 2. The membranous urethra. 3. The spongy urethra.
74
Q

Describe the innervation of the external urethral sphincter.

A

It is under voluntary control, through the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve.

75
Q

How does urine reach the bladder?

A

By peristaltic contractions of the ureters.

76
Q

Describe the epithelium of the female urethra. (2)

A
  1. A transitional epithelium near the neck of the urinary bladder. 2. A stratified squamous epithelium lines the rest of the urethra.
77
Q

Describe the epithelium of the male urethra. (3)

A
  1. It starts as a transitional epithelium near the bladder. 2. Changes to pseudostratified columnar or stratified columnar. 3. Then to stratified squamous near the external urethral orifice.
78
Q

What two spinal reflexes control urination (micturition)?

A
  1. The urine storage reflex. 2. The urine voiding reflex.
79
Q

Are the kidneys peritoneal, retroperitoneal, or secondarily retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal.

Anatomy (38 decks)

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