Unit Three: Oral Cavity, Taste, and the Pharynx and Larynx Flashcards
What are the two main regions of the oral cavity?
- Vestibule. 2. Oral cavity proper.
What is the functions of gingivae (gums)?
Cover the alveolar processes of the upper and lower jaws and surrounds the necks of the teeth.
How much of the palate is hard palate?
The anterior 2/3rds.
What two bones make up the hard palate?
- Maxillae. 2. Palatine.
What is the function of the uvula?
Prevents food from entering the pharynx too soon.
What does glossal refer to?
The tongue.
Through what does the oral cavity open into the oropharynx?
Through muscular folds.
What are the two muscular folds through which the oral cavity opens into the oropharynx?
- Palatoglossal arch (palatoglossus muscle). 2. Palatopharyngeal arch (palatopharyngeal muscle).
What is between the two arches through which the oral cavity opens into the oropharynx?
Palatine tonsils.
What innervates the salivary glands? (2)
- CN VII (Facial). 2. CN IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve).
Where does the sympathetic innervation innervating salivary glands come from?
Superior cervical ganglia.
What nerve goes through the parotid glands, but doesn’t innervate it?
Cranial nerve VII.
What is the largest salivary gland? Does it produce the most saliva?
The parotid glands. No.
Where does the parotid duct go?
Parallel to the zygomatic arch and pierces the buccinator.
What nerve stimulates secretion in the parotid gland?
Cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve).
What salivary glands does cranial nerve VII innervate? (2)
- Submandibular glands. 2. Sublingual glands.
What gland produces the majority of the saliva?
The submandibular glands.
Where do sublingual ducts open?
Onto the inferior surface of the oral cavity.
What superior part of the tooth?
The crown.
What layer of a tooth is below the crown?
The dentine.
What is the top layer of a tooth?
The enamel.
What is the middle portion of a tooth?
The neck.
What is the deepest portion of a tooth?
The root.
What tooth layer is beneath the dentine?
The pulp cavity.
What does the pulp cavity contain?
Spongy and highly vascular. It contains the dental arteries, veins, and nerves.
What does cement do?
Covers the dentine of the root and protects and firmly anchors the periodontal ligament.
What is the periodontal ligament?
Collegen fibers that extend from the dentine of the root to the bone, creating a strong, fibrous articulation known as a gomphosis.
What are the incisors? Where are they found?
Blade-shaped teeth found at the front of the mouth.
What are the cuspids, or canines?
Conical teeth with a sharp ridgeline and a pointed tip.
What is the function of incisors?
To clip and cut food.
What is the function of cuspids, or canines?
To tear and slash food.
What is the function of premolars?
To crush, mash, and grind food.
What is the functions of molars?
Crushing and grinding food.
Describe where teeth are from the medial to lateral alignment. (4)
- Incisors. 2. Cuspids. 3. Premolars. 4. Molars.
What are the muscles of mastication innervated by?
Cranial nerve V.
Where do all muscles of mastication insert?
On the mandible.
What does the temporalis do?
Elevates and retracts the mandible.
What does the masseter do?
Elevates and protracts the mandible.
What is the function of the lateral and medial pterygolds?
Protracts and moves the mandible from side to side.
Does any muscle open the mouth?
No.
What do intrinsic muscles do?
Change the shape of the tongue.
Where do intrinsic muscles originate and inset?
Within the tongue.
Where do extrinsic muscles originate and insert?
Originate away from the tongue. Insert on the tongue.
What are four extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- Genioglossus. 2. Stlyoglossus. 3. Hyloglossus. 4. Palatoglossus.
What are the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles, except the palatoglossuss, of the tongue innervated by?
Cranial nerve XII (Hypoglossal).
What is the palatoglossus extrinsic muscle of the tongue innervated by?
CN X (Vagus).
What is the function of the palatoglossus muscle?
Elevates the tongue.
What is the function of the hyoglossus muscle?
Retract and depress tongue.
What are taste buds?
Specialized organs for taste.
What is each taste bud composed of?
Many gustatory cells with taste receptors.
Where are filiform papillae distributed?
In the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue.
What do fungiform papillae contain?
Taste buds.
What are the largest papillae?
Vallate.
Where are most taste buds found?
On vallate papillae.
Where are vallate papillae found?
Inverted V shape on the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue.
Where do axons of the gustatory cells of the tongue travel through?
Cranial nerves VII and IX to the brainstem.
Where does gustatory information go after the brainstem?
To the thalamus.
Where does gustatory information go after the thalamus?
Taste fibers project to the primary gustatory cortex in the insular cortex.
What does salivary amylase do?
Begins breakdown of carbohydrates.
What does lingual lipase do?
Begins breakdown of lipids.
What is the pharynx?
Funnel shaped tube that lies posterior to and extends inferiorly from the oral and nasal cavities.
What artery supplies the pharynx?
External carotid artery.
Where is the nasopharynx?
Continuous with the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate.
What is the lining of the nasopharynx?
Psuedostratefied ciliated columnar epithelium.
What two structures are found within the nasopharynx?
- Openings of the auditory tubes. 2. Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids).
Where is the oropharynx?
It extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone.
What is the lining of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
Non-keratinized stratefied squamous epithelium.
What are two structures found in the oropharynx?
- Palatine tonsils. 2. Lingual tonsils.
Where is the laryngopharynx?
Inferior to the hyoid and continuous with the larynx and esophagus.
What are the two palatal muscles?
- Levator veli palatini. 2. Tensor veli palatini.
What is the function of the levator veli palatini?
Elevate the soft palate when swallowing.
What is the function of the tensor veli palatini?
Tenses soft palate and opens auditory tube when swallowing or yawning.
What innervates the levator veli palatini?
CN X (Vagus).
What innervates the tensor veli palatini?
CN V (trigeminal), mandibular division.
What are three muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx?
- Palatopharyngeus. 2. Salpingopharyngeus. 3. Stylopharyngeus.
What are the three muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx innervated by?
CN X (Vagus).
What are the primary pharyngeal constrictors? (3)
- Superior (innermost). 2. Middle. 3. Inferior (outermost).
What are the pharyngeal constrictors innervated by?
CN X (Vagus).
What is the function of the larynx?
Connects the pharynx to the trachea.
What two cartilage are in the larynx?
- Thyroid. 2. Cricoid.
What forms the laryngeal prominences?
Thyroid cartilage.
Where is the cricoid cartilage in the larynx?
Inferior to the thyroid cartilage.
What is the largest cartilage in the larynx?
The thyroid cartilage.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Closing the opening to the larynx when swallowing.
What paired cartilages play an important role in sound production? (3)
- Arytenoid. 2. Comiculate. 3. Cuneiform.
What are vocal folds?
Vocal ligaments covered by a mucous membrane.
What is the glottis?
The opening between vocal folds.
What sounds do shorter and tensor cords result in?
Higher pitch.
What sounds do longer and looser cords result in?
Lower pitch.
What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles.
Regions above the vocal folds have what type of epithelium?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
Regions below the vocal folds have what type of epithelium?
Respiratory tract epithelium.
What prevents water from going up the nose? (2)
- Soft palate. 2. Uvula.
What is the rima glottidis?
The opening between the true vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilages of the larynx.
