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Anatomy > Unit Three: The Brain: Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit Three: The Brain: Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

On which side does each cerebellar hemisphere regulate and coordinate muscular activity?

A

Only on its ipsilateral side.

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2
Q

What are the folds of cerebellar cortex in the cerebellar cortex called?

A

Folia of the cerebellum.

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3
Q

What does each cerebellar hemisphere consist of? (2)

A

Two lobes: 1. Anterior. 2. Posterior.

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4
Q

What are the two lobes of the cerebellum separated by?

A

The primary fissure.

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5
Q

What is the vermis?

A

A narrow band of cortex that separates the cerebellar hemispheres.

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6
Q

Where do the flocculonodular lobes lie?

A

Anterior and inferior to the cerebellar hemisphere.

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7
Q

What do the anterior and posterior lobes assist in?

A

Planning, execution, and coordination of limb and trunk movements.

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8
Q

What are the flocculonodular lobes important for?

A

Balance and eye movements.

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9
Q

What is the function of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Subconscious coordination and control of ongoing movements of body parts.

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10
Q

What is the function of cerebellar nuclei?

A

Subconscious coordination and control of ongoing movements of body parts.

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11
Q

What is the function of arbor vitae?

A

Connects cerebellar cortex and nuclei with cerebellar peduncles.

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12
Q

What kind of cells does the cerebellar cortex contain?

A

Huge, highly branched Purkinje cells.

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13
Q

Where do axons from the basal portion of these Purkinje cells project?

A

Deep into the white matter to reach the cerebellar nuclei.

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14
Q

Do axons carrying sensory information synapse directly in the cerebellar nuclei? If no, then what happens? (2)

A

No. 1. They pass through the deeper layers of the cerebellar cortex to end near the cortical surface where they synapse with the dendritic processes of the Purkinje cells. 2. Tracts containing the axons of Purkinje cells then relay motor commands to nuclei within the cerebrum and brainstem.

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15
Q

Where do motor commands issued by the cerebral cortex pass through before reaching the cerebellar cortex?

A

The pons.

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16
Q

What do tracts linking the cerebellum with the brainstem, cerebrum, and spinal cord leave the cerebellar hemispheres as? (3)

A
  1. Superior. 2. Middle. 3. Inferior peduncles.
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17
Q

What does the superior cerebellar peduncles do?

A

Link the cerebellum with nuclei in the mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum.

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18
Q

What does the middle cerebellar peduncles do?

A

Connect the cerebellar hemispheres with sensory and motor nuclei in the pons.

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19
Q

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncles do?

A

Connect the cerebellum and nuclei in the medulla oblongata and carry ascending and descending cerebellar tracts from the spinal cord.

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20
Q

The cerebellum is an automatic processing center that has what two primary functions?

A
  1. Adjusting the postural muscles of the body. 2. Programming and fine-tuning voluntary and involuntary movements.
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21
Q

Describe what the cerebellum does in terms of adjusting the postural muscles of the body.

A

The cerebellum coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments that maintain balance and equilibrium. These alterations in muscle tone and position are made by modifying the activity of the red nucleus.

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22
Q

Describe what the cerebellum does in terms of programming and fine-tuning voluntary and involuntary movements.

A

The cerebellum stores memories of learned movement patterns.

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23
Q

How does the cerebellum program and fine-tune voluntary and involuntary movements?

A

These functions are performed indirectly by regulating activity along motor tracts involving the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, and motor centers in the brainstem.

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24
Q

What does rostral mean?

A

Towards the nose.

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25
Q

What does caudal mean?

A

Towards the tail.

26
Q

Where is the tectum located?

A

In the midbrain.

27
Q

What does the tectum contain?

A

2 pairs of sensory nuclei called corpora quadrigemina.

28
Q

What are the superior colliculi associated with?

A

Visual reflexes.

29
Q

What are the inferior colliculi associated with?

A

Auditory reflexes.

30
Q

Where is the reticular formation found?

A

In the midbrain.

31
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

Primarily motor axons, including those from the corticospinal tract.

32
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A

Control of voluntary movements through conncections to the basal ganglia.

33
Q

What is the red nucleus associated with?

A

Involuntary motor control, maintaining muscle tone and limb position.

34
Q

What are functions associated with the pons? (4)

A
  1. Regulation of breathing. 2. Hearing. 3. Balance. 4. Sleep regulation.
35
Q

How does the pons regulate breathing?

A

By regulating the activity of the repiratory rhythmicity center of the medulla oblongata.

36
Q

What are two centers formed by the grouping of autonomic nuclei in the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. Cardiovascular center. 2. Medullary respiratory center.
37
Q

What does the cardiovascular center do? (3)

A
  1. Adjust heart rate. 2. Strength of contraction. 3. Vasoconstriction/vasodilation.
38
Q

What does the medullary respiratory center do?

A

Sets the pace of breathing.

39
Q

What are other nuclei in the medulla oblongata involved in?

A

Coughing. Sneezing. Salivation. Swallowing. Gagging. Vomiting.

40
Q

What are pyramids in the medulla oblongata associated with?

A

The corticospinal tracts. This is the pyramidal decussation is.

41
Q

Through what does the pons process and relay cerebellar commands?

A

Through the middle cerebellar peduncles.

42
Q

What nuclei in the pons receives auditory input and helps localize sound?

A

Superior olivary nuclei.

43
Q

What are the two primary routes through which blood reaches the brain?

A
  1. Vertebral arteries. 2. Internal carotid arteries.
44
Q

From what do the vertebral arteries branch off of?

A

The subclavian artery.

45
Q

From what do the internal carotid arteries branch off of?

A

The common carotid.

46
Q

What holds the vertebral arteries in the cervical vertebrae?

A

The transverse foramen.

47
Q

What do the verterbral arteries merge to form?

A

The basilar artery.

48
Q

What does the basilar artery diverge into?

A

The right and left posterior cerebral artery.

49
Q

What branches off of the right and left posterior cerebral arteries?

A

The right and left posterior communicating artery.

50
Q

What arteries branch off of the left and right internal carotid arteries? (3)

A
  1. R/L communicating artery. 2. R/L middle cerebral arteries. 3. R/L Anterior cerebral arteries.
51
Q

What does the anterior communicating artery provide blood flow?

A

Between the R/L anterior cerebral arteries.

52
Q

Where is the border between the anterior and middle cerebral artery on the precentral gyrus?

A

Between the elbow and shoulder.

53
Q

A stroke in the anterior cerebral artery would likely result in what symptoms?

A

Weakness and/or numbness in the lower leg and foot and shoulder of the opposite side where the stroke is.

54
Q

What artery supplies the Wernicke’s area and the Broca’s area?

A

Middle cerebral artery.

55
Q

What symptoms can a stroke in the posterior cerebral artery result in?

A
  1. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation. 2. Visual defects.
56
Q

Where does the spinothalamic tract (ALS) cross?

A

At the level of the spinal cord.

57
Q

Describe the pathway of the spinothalamic tract (ALS). (2)

A
  1. Skin to thalamus. 2. Thalamus to somatosensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus.
58
Q

Describe the pathway of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway. (3)

A
  1. Body to medial lemniscus of the medulla. 2. Medulla to thalamus. 3. Thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gryus via the internal capsule.
59
Q

Describe the pathway of the corticospinal tract. (3)

A
  1. Primary motor cortex through internal capsule to midbrain. 2. To pons and medulla. 3. Muscle cells.
60
Q

What is a subdural hematoma? Does it affect arteries or veins?

A

Rapid acceleration or deceleration of the head. Tearing of the cerebral vein as it enters arachnoid mater to enter dural sinus.

61
Q

Does a epidural hematoma affects arteries or veins?

A

Arteries.

62
Q

What does the pontine respiratory center do?

A

Controls the rate or speed of involuntary respiration.

Anatomy (38 decks)

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