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Anatomy > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

The aorta is an example of what kind of artery?

A

An elastic artery.

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2
Q

What kind of epithelium surrounds capillaries?

A

Simple squamous epithelium.

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3
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous. 2. Fenestrated. 3. Sinusoids.
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4
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found? Why?

A

The spleen and bone marrow because RBCs can get through and be filtered or be put into circulation.

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5
Q

What regulates blood flow to tissues in capillaries?

A

Precapillary sphincters.

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6
Q

What is each capillary bed fed by?

A

A metarteriole.

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7
Q

What are three ways that veins get back blood despite having low blood pressure?

A
  1. Muscle Pump. 2. Respiratory pump. 3. Valves.
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8
Q

Why do varicose veins occur?

A

Nonfunctional valves cause blood to pool.

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9
Q

What is collateral circulation?

A

Alternative pathways for delivering blood to a region of the body.

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10
Q

What is arteriolarterial anastomes?

A

Collateral circulation provided to many organs and body regions.

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11
Q

Where do lymphatic capillaries receive fluid from?

A

Leaking capillaries.

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12
Q

Do lymphatic capillaries contain valves?

A

Yes.

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13
Q

Where do lymph ducts empty fluids?

A

Into veins in the neck.

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14
Q

How does the diameter of lymph capillaries differ from vascular capillaries?

A

Lymph capillaries are larger in diameter.

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15
Q

How do the walls of lymph capillaries differ from vascular capillaries?

A

Lymph capillaries have thinner walls.

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16
Q

How does the permeability of lymph capillaries differ from vascular capillaries?

A

Lymph capillaries have greater permeability.

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17
Q

How do the walls of lymph vessels differ from veins?

A

Lymph vessels have thinner walls.

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18
Q

How do the lumens of lymph vessels differ from veins?

A

Lymph vessels have larger lumens.

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19
Q

Do lymph vessels contain valves?

A

Yes.

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20
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

An accumulation of interstitial fluid due to lymphatic drainage issue or lymphatic failure.

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21
Q

What two components is blood composed of?

A
  1. Plasma. 2. Formed elements.
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22
Q

What is plasma? What does it contain?

A

The liquid component of blood. It contains dissolved proteins and other solutes (electrolytes, nutrients, and wastes).

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23
Q

What are formed elements?

A

Blood cells (red and white blood cells) and the cell fragments (platelets) suspended in the plasma.

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24
Q

What do Red blood cells (erythrocytes) do?

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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25
Q

What do white blood cells (leukocytes) do?

A

Component of the immune system.

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26
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small, membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm containing enzymes and clotting factors, proteins that play a role in blood clotting.

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27
Q

What are three proteins found in blood?

A
  1. Albumins. 2. Globulins. 3. Fibrinogen.
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28
Q

What are albumins? (2)

A
  1. A major contributor to osmotic concentration of plasma. 2. Transport some lipids.
29
Q

What do globulins do?

A

Transport ions, hormones, lipids.

30
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

Essential component of clotting system.

31
Q

What is a serum?

A

Blood plasma from which clotting agents have been removed.

32
Q

What synthesizes and releases the vast amount of blood proteins?

A

The liver.

33
Q

What is the function of of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytic; engulf pathogens or debris in tissues.

34
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils? (2)

A

Attack anything that is labeled with antibodies; important in fighting parasitic infections. 2. Suppresses inflammation so it doesn’t spread to adjacent tissues.

35
Q

What is the function basophils? (2)

A

Enter damaged tissues and release histamine, which dilates blood vessels. 2. Secretes heparin, which prevents blood clotting.

36
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Enter tissues to become free macrophages; engulf pathogens or debris.

37
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

Cells of lymphatic system, providing defense against specific pathogens or toxins.

38
Q

What is hematocrit? What is it a good approximation of?

A

The percentage of whole blood containing formed elements. A good approximation of the volume of RBCs.

39
Q

What is the shape of a red blood cells? What is good about this shape?

A

A biconcave disc with a thin central region and a thick outer margin. It gives an RBC increased surface area.

40
Q

What are the two categories of leukocytes?

A
  1. Granular leukocytes or granulocytes. 2. Agranular leukocytes or agranulocytes.
41
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The attraction of phagocytic cells to the source of abnormal chemicals in tissue fluids.

42
Q

What cells are contained within the granualocytes category?

A
  1. Neutrophils. 2. Eosinophils. 3. Basophils.
43
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes?

A
  1. T cells. 2. B cells. 3. Natural killer (NK) cells.
44
Q

What is the function of T cells?

A

To enter peripheral tissues and attack foreign cells directly.

45
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

They differentiate into plasma cells (plasmocytes). Plasma cells secrete antibodies that attack foreign cells or proteins.

46
Q

What is the function of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

A

They are responsible for immune surveillance and the destruction of abnormal cells.

47
Q

What determines blood type?

A

The presence of surface antigens (agglutinogens) in the RBC’s plasma membrane.

48
Q

What are two lymphatic ducts?

A
  1. Right lymphatic duct. 2. Thoracic duct.
49
Q

How do tunic differ in lymphatic vessels than in veins?

A

Lymphatic vessel tunics are harder to differentiate that those in vessels.

50
Q

What are the three layers of a blood vessel? (From outside-in)?

A
  1. Tunica Adventitia. 2. Tunica media. 3. Tunica intima.
51
Q

What is the tunica media important for?

A

Vasocontriction and vasodilation.

52
Q

What is the tunica media made up of?

A

The middle layer that contains concentric layers of smooth muscle tissue supported by a framework of loose connective tissue.

53
Q

What is a lumen?

A

The inside space of a tubular structure.

54
Q

What is the tunica adventitia made up of?

A

This layer is very thick and is composed chiefly of collagen fibers, with scattered bands of elastic fibers.

55
Q

What is the tunica intima composed of?

A

It is composed of the endothelial lining of the vessel and an underlying layer of connective tissue containing variable amounts of elastic fibers.

56
Q

What do arteries contain in the tunica media that veins do not?

A

A thin band of elastic fibers, called the external elastic membrane, located between the media and adventitia.

57
Q

What do arteries contain in the tunica intima that veins do not?

A

The outer margin of the intima contains a thick layer of elastic fibers called the internal elastic membrane

58
Q

How do artery vessel walls compare to veins vessel walls?

A

Artery walls are thicker.

59
Q

How do artery vessel lumens compare to veins vessel lumens?

A

Artery vessel walls will contract, constricting the lumen.

60
Q

How does an artery vessel lining compare to a veins vessel lining?

A

The endothelial lining of an artery cannot contract, so when an artery constricts, its endothelium folds. Veins do not have folds.

61
Q

Do arteries have valves?

A

No.

62
Q

Which artery type contains the most smooth cells?

A

Muscular arteries.

63
Q

Do large veins have valves?

A

No.

64
Q

What is the vasa vasorum?

A

Blood vessels that supply the walls of large arteries and veins.

65
Q

Describe the movement of lymph from collection. (4)

A
  1. Lymphatic capillaries. 2. Collecting lymphatic vessels. 3. Lymph trunks. 4. Lymph ducts.
66
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The process of blood cell formation.

67
Q

What kind of stem cell ultimately gives rise to all blood cells?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells.

68
Q

What is anemia?

A

The condition marked by a decrease in the ability to deliver oxygen to tissues due to a decrease in the hematocrit, the hemoglobin content of the blood, or both.

69
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

The formation of scar tissue.

Anatomy (38 decks)

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