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Anatomy > Unit Two: The Heart > Flashcards

Unit Two: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main layers of the pericardium?

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium. 2. Serous pericardium.
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2
Q

What are the 2 layers of the serous pericardium?

A
  1. Visceral (epi)pericardium. 2. Parietal pericardium.
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3
Q

Where is the visceral pericardium located?

A

On the surface of the heart.

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4
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium? What is it composed of?

A

The tough outer sac. Dense network of collagen fibers.

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5
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A

The two layered lining of the pericardium.

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6
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

The space between the parietal pericardium and the epicardium (visceral pericardium) that covers the outer surface of the heart.

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7
Q

What are the three layers of the wall of the heart? (from superficial to deep)

A
  1. Epicardium. 2. Myocardium. 3. Endocardium.
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8
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

To stabilize the position of the heart.

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9
Q

What are the two layers of the epicardium?

A
  1. A mesothelium. 2. An underlying, supporting layer of areolar tissue.
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10
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue that forms the atria and ventricles. It is the thickest layer.

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11
Q

What is the function of the endocardium?

A

It covers the inner surfaces of the heart, including those of the heart valves.

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12
Q

What is of clinical significance about the endocardium?

A

This simple squamous epithelium is continuous with the endothelium of the attached great vessels.

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13
Q

Which has thicker walls atria or ventricles?

A

Ventricles.

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14
Q

Which ventricle has thicker walls?

A

The left ventricle.

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15
Q

What do the right and left coronary arteries supply?

A

The heart wall muscles with oxygen and nutrients.

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16
Q

What are the two branches of the right coronary artery?

A
  1. Right marginal. 2. Posterior interventricular.
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17
Q

What does the right marginal artery supply?

A

The right border of the heart.

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18
Q

What does the posterior interventricular artery supply?

A

The posterior surface of the left and right ventricle.

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19
Q

What do the coronary arteries branch off of?

A

The ascending aorta.

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20
Q

What are the two branches of the left coronary arteries?

A
  1. Anterior inter-ventricular. 2. Circumflex.
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21
Q

What does the anterior interventricular artery supply?

A

The anterior surface of both ventricles and most of the inter-ventricular septum.

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22
Q

What does the circumflex artery supply?

A

The left atrium and ventricle.

23
Q

Where do the coronary veins bring deoxygenated blood?

A

The right atrium.

24
Q

What does the great cardiac vein run alongside?

A

The anterior interventricular artery.

25
Q

What does the middle cardiac vein run alongside?

A

The posterior interventricular artery.

26
Q

What does the small cardiac vein run alongside?

A

The marginal artery.

27
Q

Where do all the cardiac veins drain into?

A

The coronary sinus.

28
Q

Where is the coronary sinus located?

A

In the posterior part of the coronary sulcus.

29
Q

Where do the right and left coronary arteries travel within?

A

The coronary sulcus.

30
Q

What node generated impulses?

A

Sinoatrial node (pacemaker).

31
Q

Where do impulses generated in the heart pause?

A

The atrioventricular node.

32
Q

What bundle connects the atria to the ventricles?

A

The atrioventricle bundle.

33
Q

What stimulates the contractile cells in both ventricles?

A

Subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers).

34
Q

A blockage in which coronary vessel would result in a disruption of the conduction system of the heart?

A

The anterior interventricular.

35
Q

What happens during systole?

A

Chambers contract.

36
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

Chambers filling/relaxing.

37
Q

What happens during atrial systole?

A

Atrial contraction forces a small amount of blood into the relaxed ventricles.

38
Q

What valves are open during atrial systole?

A

The atrioventricular (AV) valves (Tricuspid and mitral valve).

39
Q

What valves are open during ventricular systole?

A

The semi-lunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves).

40
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force of the blood pushing against the inside walls of blood vessels.

41
Q

What is the systole blood pressure?

A

Pressure of blood on artery walls while ventricles are contracting.

42
Q

What is the diastolic blood pressure?

A

Pressure of blood on artery walls while the ventricles are not contracting.

43
Q

What creates the “lub” sound?

A

The AV valves closing.

44
Q

What creates the “dub” sound?

A

The semi-lunar valves closing.

45
Q

What are the chordae tendineae?

A

Connective tissue fibers where the free edges of the cusps attach.

46
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

Where the fibers of the chodae tendineae arise. They are muscular projections of the inner surface of the right ventricle

47
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

A

They limit the movement of the cusps when the valve closes. This prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium.

48
Q

What are the trabeculae carneae?

A

A series of irregular muscular ridges inside the internal surface of the right ventricle.

49
Q

Where are pectinate muscles found?

A

They extend along the inner surface of the right auricle and across the anterior wall of the right atrium.

50
Q

What structures allow a bypass of pulmonary circulation before lungs are needed?

A

Foramen/Fossa ovalis and ductus arteriosus.

51
Q

What is cardiomegaly?

A

An abnormal enlargement of the heart.

52
Q

What is a pericardial effusion?

A

When there is fluid within the pericardial cavity, causing less blood to be able to be taken in.

53
Q

What is constrictive pericarditis?

A

A thickening/fibrosis of the parietal pericardium.

Anatomy (38 decks)

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