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Anatomy > Epithelium Tissue > Flashcards

Epithelium Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the apical surface?

A

The exposed surface of the epithelium that faces the exterior of the body or an internal space.

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2
Q

What is the basal surface?

A

Where the epithelium attaches to adjacent tissues. The bottom layer.

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3
Q

Are epithelia avascular?

A

Yes.

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4
Q

How do epithelial tissues regenerate?

A

Stem cells located within the epithelium divide to continually replace surface epithelium cells that are damaged or lost.

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5
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissues? (4)

A
  1. Protection. 2. Control Permeability. 3. Provide Sensation. 4. Produce secretions.
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6
Q

What part of epithelium attaches to the basement membrane?

A

The basal surface.

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7
Q

What is the basal membrane?

A

A complex structure produced by the epithelium and cells of the underlying connective tissue.

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8
Q

How are epithelium tissues classified? (2)

A

By their: 1. Layers. 2. Shape of the epithelial cells.

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9
Q

What are two types of layering?

A
  1. Simple. 2. Stratified.
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10
Q

What is a simple epithelium?

A

Only one layer of cells covering its basement membrane.

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11
Q

Where are simple epithelium typically found and why?

A

In protected areas inside the body, such as in the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities, the chambers of the heart, and all blood vessels. Because it is thin and fragile.

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12
Q

What is a stratified epithelium?

A

Has two or more layers of cells.

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13
Q

What are the three possible cell shapes?

A
  1. Squamous. 2. Cuboidal. 3. Columnar.
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14
Q

Describe the cell shapes in a squamous epithelia.

A

Thin, flat, and irregular in shape, like puzzle pieces.

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15
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelium typically found?

A

In protected regions where diffusion or other forms of transport take place, or where a slick, slippery surface reduces friction.

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16
Q

What is the mesothelium?

A

The simple squamous epithelium that lines body cavities.

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17
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

The simple squamous lining the heart and blood vessels.

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18
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium typically found?

A

Where mechanical stresses are severe. For instance, the lining of the oral cavity, throat, esophagus, rectum, vagina, and anus.

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19
Q

What do cuboidal epithelia look like?

A

Hexagonal boxes and appear square in typical sectional views.

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20
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelia typically found?

A

In regions where secretion or absorption takes place. For example, the kidney tubules.

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21
Q

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelia? (3)

A
  1. Limited protection. 2. Secretion. 3. Absorption.
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22
Q

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium? (4)

A
  1. Reduces friction. 2. Controls vessel permeability. 3. Performs absorption. 4. Secretion.
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23
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attacks.

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24
Q

How are columnar epithelia different from cuboidal epithelia?

A

Columnar epithelium cells have heights much greater than their width.

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25
Q

Where are simple columnar epithilia found?

A

Where absorption or secretion occurs, such as the lining of the stomach, intestinal tract, uterine tubes,and many excretory ducts.

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26
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelia? (3)

A
  1. Protection. 2. Secretion. 3. Absorption.
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27
Q

Where are stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

Rare. They occur in the pharynx, urethra, and anus.

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28
Q

What are the two specialized epithelia that line the respiratory system and the hollow conducting organs of the urinary system?

A
  1. Pseudo-stratified. 2. Transitional.
29
Q

What are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A

A specialized columnar epithelium that includes a mixture of cell type.

30
Q

Why do pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium look stratified? What is it actually and why?

A

Because the cells’ nuclei are located at varying distances from the surface. It is actually a simple epithelium since all cells rest on the basement membrane.

31
Q

What are the functions of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium? (2)

A
  1. Protection. 2. Secretion.
32
Q

Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium found?

A

Lining most of the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi, and also portions of the male reproductive tract.

33
Q

What is a transitional epithelium?

A

A stratified epithelium that can stretch without damaging the epithelium cells.

34
Q

Where are transitional epithelia located?

A

Lining the renal pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder.

35
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

Permits expansion and recoil after stretching.

36
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

The natural death of cells.

37
Q

What is a neoplasia?

A

A new, uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control. A mass, a tumor.

38
Q

What is the strongest and most common fibers in connective tissue?

A

Collagen fibers.

39
Q

Describe the shape of a collagen fiber.

A

Long, straight, and unbranched.

40
Q

What do tendons and ligaments consist almost entirely out of?

A

Collagen fibers.

41
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Connect skeletal muscles to bones.

42
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Connect bones to bones, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage.

43
Q

Describe the shape of reticular fibers.

A

Thinner than collagen fibers and they form a branching, interwoven framework that is tough, but flexible.

44
Q

Where are reticular fibers abundant?

A

In organs such as the spleen and liver, where they create a complex 3d network that supports the functional cells of these organs.

45
Q

Describe the shape of elastic fibers.

A

Branching and wavy.

46
Q

What protein do elastic fibers contain?

A

Elastin.

47
Q

What can elastic fibers do?

A

They can recoil to their original dimensions after stretching up to 150% of their resting length.

48
Q

What is the ground substance?

A

A solution that surrounds the cellular and fibrous components of connective tissue proper.

49
Q

What are loose connective tissues?

A

The “packing material” of the body. They fill the spaces between organs, provide cushioning and support epithlia.

50
Q

What are the three types of fibers that connective tissue proper contains?

A
  1. Collagen. 2. Reticular. 3. Elastic.
51
Q

Where is areolar tissue found?

A

Within and deep to the dermis of the skin and covered by the epithelial lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, between muscles, around blood vessels, nerves, and joints.

52
Q

What are the functions of areolar tissue? (3)

A
  1. Cushions organs. 2. Provides support but permits independent movement. 3. Phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens.
53
Q

Where is adipose tissue found?

A

Deep to the skin, especially at sides, buttocks, and breasts, padding around eyes and kidneys.

54
Q

What are the functions of adipose tissue? (3)

A
  1. Provides padding and cushions shocks. 2. Insulates. 3. Stores energy.
55
Q

What is the function of reticular tissue?

A

Provides a supporting framework.

56
Q

What are dense regular connective tissues?

A

Where the collagen fibers are packed tightly and aligned parallel to applied forces.

57
Q

What are four examples of dense regular connective tissues?

A
  1. Tendons. 2. Aponeuroses. 3. Elastic Tissue. 4. Ligaments.
58
Q

Describe the appearance of dense irregular connective tissue.

A

The fibers form an interwoven meshwork and do not show any consistent pattern.

59
Q

What do dense irregular connective tissues form and where? (2)

A

They form a sheath around cartilage and bone. They also form the thick fibrous capsule that surrounds many internal organs, such as the dermis, liver, kidneys, and spleen, and encloses the cavities of joints.

60
Q

What are the functions of dense irregular connective tissues? (2)

A
  1. Provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions. 2. Helps prevent over-expansion of organs, such as the urinary bladder.
61
Q

What are the functions of dense irregular connective tissue? (4)

A
  1. Provides firm attachment. 2. Conducts pull of muscles. 3. Reduces friction between muscles. 4. Stabilizes relative positions of bones.
62
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

The transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type.

63
Q

What are cell junctions?

A

Specialized areas of the plasma membrane that attach a cell to another cell or to extracellular materials.

64
Q

What are three common types of cell junctions?

A
  1. Gap junctions. 2. Tight junctions. 3. Desmosomes.
65
Q

What is a gap junction?

A

Two cells are held together by two interlocking transmembrane proteins called connexons. The two aligned connexons form a narrow passageway that lets small molecules and ions pass from cell to cell.

66
Q

Where are gap junctions common?

A

In epithelium cells (where the movement of ions helps coordinate functions such as the beating of cilia), cardiac muscles, and smooth muscle tissues.

67
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

Where the lipid potions of two plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins.

68
Q

What is a desmosome? (2)

A
  1. Where cell adhesion molecules (CAMs - transmembrane proteins) and proteoglycans link the opposing plasma membranes. 2. They are strong and can resist stretching and twisting.

Anatomy (38 decks)

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